Investigation of NO2 Formation Kinetics in Dual-Fuel Engines With Lean Premixed Methane–Air Charge

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Arabian ◽  
Thomas Sattelmayer
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Methane Oxidation ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Combustion Method ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Reactor Model ◽  
Lean Premixed ◽  
Temperature Levels ◽  
No2 Formation

A dual fuel engine concept with lean premixed methane–air charge ignited by a diesel pilot flame is highly promising for reducing NOx and soot emissions. One drawback of this combustion method, however, is the high nitric dioxide (NO2) emissions observed at certain operating points. The conditions leading to increased NO2 formation have been investigated using a batch reactor model in cantera. It has been found that the high emission levels of NO2 can be traced back to the mixing of small amounts of quenched CH4 with NO from the hot combustion zones followed by postoxidation in the presence of O2, requiring that the temperatures are within a certain range. NO2 formation in the exhaust duct of a test engine has been modeled and compared to the experimental results. The well-stirred reactor model has been used that calculates the steady-state of a uniform composition for a certain residence time. An appropriate reaction mechanism that considers the effect of NO/NO2 on methane oxidation at low temperature levels has been used. The numerical results of NO–NO2 conversion in the duct at low temperature levels show good agreement with the experimental results. The partial oxidation of CH4 can be predicted well. It can be shown that methane oxidation in the presence of NO/NO2 at low temperature levels is enhanced via the reaction steps CH3+NO2⇌CH3O+NO and CH3O2+NO⇌CH3O+NO2. In addition, the elementary reaction HO2+NO⇌NO2+OH is the important NO oxidizing step.

Investigation of NO2 Formation Kinetics in Dual-Fuel Engines With Lean Premixed Methane-Air Charge

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Arabian ◽  
Thomas Sattelmayer
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Methane Oxidation ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Combustion Method ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Reactor Model ◽  
Lean Premixed ◽  
Temperature Levels ◽  
No2 Formation

A dual fuel engine concept with lean premixed methane-air charge ignited by a diesel pilot flame is highly promising for reducing NOx and soot emissions. One drawback of this combustion method, however, is the high nitric dioxide (NO2) emissions observed at certain operating points. NO2 is a toxic gas, which is identifiable by its yellow color. In this paper the conditions leading to increased NO2 formation have been investigated using a batch reactor model in Cantera. In a first step, it has been found that the high emission levels of NO2 can be traced back to the mixing of small amounts of quenched CH4 with NO from the hot combustion zones followed by post-oxidation in the presence of O2, requiring that the temperatures are within a certain range. In the second step, NO2 formation in the exhaust duct of a test engine has been modeled and compared to the experimental results. For that purpose a well-stirred reactor model has been used that calculates the steady-state of a uniform composition for a certain residence time. An appropriate reaction mechanism that considers the effect of NO/NO2 on methane oxidation at low temperature levels has been used. The numerical results of NO to NO2 conversion in the duct at low temperature and pressure levels show good agreement with the experimental results for various temperatures and concentrations of unburned methane. The partial oxidation of CH4 can be predicted well. It can be shown that methane oxidation in the presence of NO/NO2 at low temperature levels is enhanced via the reaction steps CH3 + NO2 ⇌ CH3O + NO and CH3O2 + NO ⇌ CH3O + NO2. In addition the elementary reaction HO2 + NO ⇌ NO2 + OH is the important NO oxidizing step.

scholarly journals Controlling n-Heptane HCCI Combustion With Partial Reforming: Experimental Results and Modeling Analysis

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Hosseini ◽  
W. Stuart Neill ◽  
M. David Checkel
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Negative Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Negative Temperature ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Auto Ignition

One potential method for controlling the combustion phasing of a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine is to vary the fuel chemistry using two fuels with different auto-ignition characteristics. Although a dual-fuel engine concept is technically feasible with current engine management and fuel delivery system technologies, this is not generally seen as a practical solution due to the necessity of supplying and storing two fuels. Onboard partial reforming of a hydrocarbon fuel is seen to be a more attractive way to realize a dual-fuel concept while relying on only one fuel supply infrastructure. Reformer Gas (RG) is a mixture of light gases dominated by hydrogen and carbon monoxide that can be produced from any hydrocarbon fuel using an onboard fuel processor. RG has a high resistance to auto-ignition and wide flammability limits. The ratio of H2 to CO produced depends on the reforming method and conditions, as well as the hydrocarbon fuel. In this study, a CFR engine was operated in HCCI mode at elevated intake air temperatures and pressures. n-heptane was used as the hydrocarbon blending component because of its high cetane number and well-known fuel chemistry. RG was used as the low cetane blending component to retard the combustion phasing. Other influential parameters such as air/fuel ratio, EGR, and intake temperature were maintained constant. The experimental results show that increasing the RG fraction retards the combustion phasing to a more optimized value causing indicated power and fuel conversion efficiency to increase. RG reduced the first stage of heat release, extended the negative temperature coefficient delay period, and retarded the main stage of combustion. Two extreme cases of RG composition with H2/CO ratios of 3/1 and 1/1 were investigated. The results show that both RG compositions retard the combustion phasing, but that the higher hydrogen fraction RG is more effective. A single-zone model with detailed chemical kinetics was used to interpret the experimental results. The effect of RG on combustion phasing retardation was confirmed. It was found that the low temperature heat release was inhibited by a reduction of intermediate radical mole fractions during low temperature reactions and the early stages of the negative temperature coefficient delay period.

scholarly journals Controlling n-Heptane HCCI Combustion With Partial Reforming: Experimental Results and Modeling Analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Hosseini ◽  
W. Stuart Neill ◽  
M. David Checkel
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Negative Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Negative Temperature ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Auto Ignition

One potential method for controlling the combustion phasing of a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine is to vary the fuel chemistry using two fuels with different auto-ignition characteristics. Although a dual-fuel engine concept is technically feasible with current engine management and fuel delivery system technologies, this is not generally seen as a practical solution due to the necessity of supplying and storing two fuels. Onboard partial reforming of a hydrocarbon fuel is seen to be a more attractive way of realizing a dual-fuel concept, while relying on only one fuel supply infrastructure. Reformer gas (RG) is a mixture of light gases dominated by hydrogen and carbon monoxide that can be produced from any hydrocarbon fuel using an onboard fuel processor. RG has a high resistance to auto-ignition and wide flammability limits. The ratio of H2 to CO produced depends on the reforming method and conditions, as well as the hydrocarbon fuel. In this study, a cooperative fuel research engine was operated in HCCI mode at elevated intake air temperatures and pressures. n-heptane was used as the hydrocarbon blending component because of its high cetane number and well-known fuel chemistry. RG was used as the low cetane blending component to retard the combustion phasing. Other influential parameters, such as air/fuel ratio, EGR, and intake temperature, were maintained constant. The experimental results show that increasing the RG fraction retards the combustion phasing to a more optimized value causing indicated power and fuel conversion efficiency to increase. RG reduced the first stage of heat release, extended the negative temperature coefficient delay period, and retarded the main stage of combustion. Two extreme cases of RG composition with H2/CO ratios of 3/1 and 1/1 were investigated. The results show that both RG compositions retard the combustion phasing, but that the higher hydrogen fraction RG is more effective. A single-zone model with detailed chemical kinetics was used to interpret the experimental results. The effect of RG on combustion phasing retardation was confirmed. It was found that the low temperature heat release was inhibited by a reduction in intermediate radical mole fractions during low temperature reactions and during the early stages of the negative temperature coefficient delay period.

scholarly journals Determination of exothermic batch reactor specific model parameters

2019 ◽  
Vol 292 ◽  
pp. 01063
Author(s):  
Lubomír Macků
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constant ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Reaction Rate Constant ◽  
Order Reaction ◽  
First Order Reaction ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Reactor Model ◽  
First Order

An alternative method of determining exothermic reactor model parameters which include first order reaction rate constant is described in this paper. The method is based on known in reactor temperature development and is suitable for processes with changing quality of input substances. This method allows us to evaluate the reaction substances composition change and is also capable of the reaction rate constant (parameters of the Arrhenius equation) determination. Method can be used in exothermic batch or semi- batch reactors running processes based on the first order reaction. An example of such process is given here and the problem is shown on its mathematical model with the help of simulations.

Extension of the Combustion Stability Range in Dry Low NOx Lean Premixed Gas Turbine Combustor Using a Fuel Rich Annular Pilot Burner

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Rosentsvit ◽  
Y. Levy ◽  
V. Erenburg ◽  
V. Sherbaum ◽  
V. Ovcharenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Combustion Zone ◽  
Combustion Instability ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Nox Emission ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Stability Range ◽  
Numerical Effort ◽  
Lean Premixed ◽  
Pilot Burner

The present work is concerned with improving combustion stability in lean premixed (LP) gas turbine combustors by injecting free radicals into the combustion zone. The work is a joint experimental and numerical effort aimed at investigating the feasibility of incorporating a circumferential pilot combustor, which operates under rich conditions and directs its radicals enriched exhaust gases into the main combustion zone as the means for stabilization. The investigation includes the development of a chemical reactors network (CRN) model that is based on perfectly stirred reactors modules and on preliminary CFD analysis as well as on testing the method on an experimental model under laboratory conditions. The study is based on the hypothesis that under lean combustion conditions, combustion instability is linked to local extinctions of the flame and consequently, there is a direct correlation between the limiting conditions affecting combustion instability and the lean blowout (LBO) limit of the flame. The experimental results demonstrated the potential reduction of the combustion chamber's LBO limit while maintaining overall NOx emission concentration values within the typical range of low NOx burners and its delicate dependence on the equivalence ratio of the ring pilot flame. A similar result was revealed through the developed CHEMKIN-PRO CRN model that was applied to find the LBO limits of the combined pilot burner and main combustor system, while monitoring the associated emissions. Hence, both the CRN model, and the experimental results, indicate that the radicals enriched ring jet is effective at stabilizing the LP flame, while keeping the NOx emission level within the characteristic range of low NOx combustors.

Study on the Dyeing Behavior of Wool Fiber Treated with Nano-SiO2/Ag Antibacterial Agent

2011 ◽  
Vol 332-334 ◽  
pp. 27-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Niu ◽  
Zi Lu Wu ◽  
Jin Ming Dai ◽  
Wen Sheng Hou ◽  
Sheng Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Antibacterial Agent ◽  
Important Influence ◽  
Wool Fiber ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Ultrasonic Frequency ◽  
Acid Dyes ◽  
Nano Sio2 ◽  
Dyeing Process ◽  
The Impact

Wool fiber was firstly pretreated by nano-SiO2/Ag antibacterial agent, and then dyed with an acid dyes at low temperature by ultrasonic dyeing. Many factors had an important influence on the dye ability and the antibacterial behavior during the dyeing process of antibacterial wool fiber. The experimental results indicate that the dye-takeup rates of antibacterial wool fiber were enhanced with the increase of the concentration of nano-SiO2/Ag, the dyeing temperature, the dyeing time and the ultrasonic frequency (less than 60Hz). However, the antibacterial ratios of wool fiber were declined in the impact of these factors other than the concentration of antibacterial agent.

Mesoporous Silica-Supported Nanostructured PdO/CeO2 Catalysts for Low-Temperature Methane Oxidation

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 477-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiling Dai ◽  
Vanama Pavan Kumar ◽  
Chujie Zhu ◽  
Mark J. MacLachlan ◽  
Kevin J. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Methane Oxidation
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