An Automated Method for the Continuous Determination of Total Sodium in Fuel Oil

1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Giering
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Reliable Measurement ◽  
Continuous Analysis ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Fuel Oils ◽  
On Line ◽  
Total Sodium ◽  
Continuous Determination

Fuel oils are frequently contaminated with sodium salts. Users of gas turbines are concerned with the level of sodium in fuel because of the deleterious effects to the turbine. Until recently, on-line continuous methods of analysis did not reliably measure the total sodium in a given fuel. A method is described for the continuous analysis of total sodium present in fuel oils regardless of its chemical form. A small amount of surfactant, “Liquid G” is added to the fuel, and the total sodium in the resulltant solution is determined by flame photometry. The method described provides for the continuous and reliable measurement of sodium in fuel.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Erosion and Characteristics of Deposits in Gas Turbines Burning Heavy High Sulfur Fuel Oil

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Wong-Moreno ◽  
Alicia Sánchez-Villalvazo
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Residual Fuel Oil ◽  
Fuel Oils ◽  
Severe Erosion ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oils ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Heavy, brittle and very hard deposits built on the first row vanes have caused severe erosion of all the first stage blades of a gas turbine during operation with washed and treated heavy residual fuel oil. The high sulphur (3.5–4.0 wt.%) fuel oil consumed by the turbine is also high in vanadium (280–290 ppm) and asphaltene content. In the present work the results of an investigation on the physical and chemical characteristics of erosive ash deposits as a function of operation conditions and fuel oil characteristics are presented. The structure and chemistry of deposits were studied by chemical analysis, x-ray diffraction, microanalysis and scanning electron microscopy. It was confirmed that deposit friability is enhanced by its MgSO4 content and that its hardness depends on the amount of MgO present. It was also found a clear correlation between the gas inlet temperature and the size of the ash particles deposited, and on the degree of compactness and hardness of the deposit. The role of the unburned particles, unavoidable in the combustion of heavy fuel oils, is discussed in relation to their influence on the effectiveness of the magnesium inhibitor.

scholarly journals A Simple Automated Method for the Determination of Nitrate and Nitrite in Infant Formula and Milk Powder Using Sequential Injection Analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariela Pistón ◽  
Alicia Mollo ◽  
Moisés Knochen
Keyword(s):  
Milk Powder ◽  
Sequential Injection Analysis ◽  
Sequential Injection ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Nitrate Determination ◽  
On Line ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
User Friendly

A fast and efficient automated method using a sequential injection analysis (SIA) system, based on the Griess, reaction was developed for the determination of nitrate and nitrite in infant formulas and milk powder. The system enables to mix a measured amount of sample (previously constituted in the liquid form and deproteinized) with the chromogenic reagent to produce a colored substance whose absorbance was recorded. For nitrate determination, an on-line prereduction step was added by passing the sample through a Cd minicolumn. The system was controlled from a PC by means of a user-friendly program. Figures of merit include linearity (r2> 0.999 for both analytes), limits of detection (0.32 mg kg-1NO3-N, and 0.05 mg kg-1NO2-N), and precision (sr%) 0.8–3.0. Results were statistically in good agreement with those obtained with the reference ISO-IDF method. The sampling frequency was 30 hour-1(nitrate) and 80 hour-1(nitrite) when performed separately.

Automated Method for Determining Amylase Activity in Serum and Urine

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1187-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Mazzuchin ◽  
C Weggel ◽  
C J Porter
Keyword(s):  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
The Past ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
On Line ◽  
Starch Substrate ◽  
Suspended Substrate

Abstract We describe an automated procedure for determination of α-amylase activity in serum or urine by use of a water-insoluble chromogenic starch substrate (commercially available). "AutoAnalyzer" (Technicon Corp.) equipment is used in which the sample and suspended substrate are introduced simultaneously into the flow system. After incubation at 37 °C the water-soluble blue-starch breakdown products are filtered on-line across a cellulose nitrate membrane. Absorbance is measured at 630 nm, and the α-amylase activity read from a standard curve. The automated procedure has been in use for the past year and has been found to be an operationally simple, reproducible, and reliable method, which can be applied over a wide range of enzyme activity. Results of comparative studies with other α-amylase methods are also described.

scholarly journals EIS Evaluation of Fe, Cr, and Ni in NaVO3at 700°C

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Sotelo-Mazón ◽  
J. Porcayo-Calderon ◽  
C. Cuevas-Arteaga ◽  
J. J. Ramos-Hernandez ◽  
J. A. Ascencio-Gutierrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Corrosion Process ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Residual Fuel Oil ◽  
Fuel Oils ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oils ◽  
Steam Boilers ◽  
Nickel Base

Due to the depletion of high-grade fuels and for economic reasons, use of residual fuel oil in energy generation systems is a common practice. Residual fuel oil contains sodium, vanadium, and sulphur as impurities, as well as NaCl contamination. Metallic dissolution caused by molten vanadates has been classically considered the main corrosion process involved in the degradation of alloys exposed to the combustion products of heavy fuel oils. Iron and nickel base alloys are the commercial alloys commonly used for the high temperature applications, for example, manufacture of components used in aggressive environments of gas turbines, steam boilers, and so forth. Therefore, because the main constituents of these materials are Fe, Cr, and Ni, where Cr is the element responsible for providing the corrosion resistance, in this study the electrochemical performance of Fe, Cr, and Ni in NaVO3at 700°C in static air for 100 hours was evaluated.

scholarly journals Automated Method for Cleanup and Determination of Benomyl and Thiabendazole in Table-Ready Foods

1998 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 1217-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A Levine ◽  
Ronald G Luchtefeld ◽  
Marvin L Hopper ◽  
Garrett D Salmon
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Chloride ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Strong Cation Exchange ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
On Line ◽  
Diet Study ◽  
Spe Method ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract An automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup with on-line liquid chromatographic (LC) analysis was developed to determine residues of benomyl (as carbendazim) and thiabendazole in table- ready food items from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study (TDS). A strong-cation- exchange cleanup of an acetone extract replaces the methylene chloride solvent partitioning steps in the procedure described in the Pesticide Analytical Manual(PAM). LC analysis is accomplished with a Cs analytical column and tandem fluorescence and UV detection. Recoveries of both analytes from 32 representative TDS foods fortified at 0.05 and 0.5 μg/g were determined. Method precision was evaluated with triplicate recovery assays on 11 foods fortified at both levels. Accuracy was tested further by assaying 47 foods for incurred residues in parallel with the validated PAM procedure for comparison, and good agreement was found. The automated SPE method reduces solvent consumption, analysis time, and labor.

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