Propulsion System Considerations for Future Supersonic Transports: A Global Perspective

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Mercure
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Propulsion System ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Supersonic Transport ◽  
The Public ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Exhaust Jet

With research and technology (R&T) development activities for the next generation SuperSonic Transport (SST) being pursued globally over the past few years, the options to proposed airframe and engine concepts appears to be converging. The United States, the Europeans, and the Japanese are all engaged in developing the technologies needed for a future SST that is environmentally compatible and economically practical. Boeing and McDonnell Douglas are part of the team under an R&T contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to develop critical components and enabling materials that will allow industry to make a production decision by 2003. Europe’s three main aircraft manufacturer’s — i.e., Aerospatiale, British Aero-space, and Deutsche Aerospace — comprise the European Supersonic Research Program (ESRP). A primary Japanese effort called the Hypersonic Transport Propulsion System Research (HYPR) project consists of a consortium of four international engine manufacturers and the National Japanese Laboratory. The manufacturers are: Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co. Ltd., the Kawasaki Heavy Industries Co. Ltd., Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Co. Ltd., and General Electric Aircraft Engines Company, USA. A recent study by the Japan Aircraft Development Corporation (Reference 1) also addressed the technology requirements for the next generation SST. There are basically three major challenges that must be met before a new SST can become a reality. They are the technical, environmental, and economic challenges. The technical challenges of the propulsion system primarily reduce the development of new materials capable of sustaining higher temperatures and vibration (high and low frequency) over longer exposure times as well as capable of being produced at reasonable costs. Low emission combustors and low exhaust jet noise are the primary environmental challenges, which are a technical challenge in themselves. The economic challenge is to produce an aircraft and propulsion system that allows the manufacturers to recover development and manufacturing costs as well as realize a reasonable Return-On-Investment (ROI). In addition, Life Cycle Costs (LCC) must not be substantially above future subsonic airliners in order to justify premium fares the public would be willing to pay for the time savings of long-distance flights and still be profitable to the airlines.

scholarly journals Assessment of the American Flamingo distribution, trends, and important breeding areas

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244117
Author(s):  
Leopoldo Torres-Cristiani ◽  
Salima Machkour-M’Rabet ◽  
Sophie Calmé ◽  
Holger Weissenberger ◽  
Griselda Escalona-Segura
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Range Extension ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
American Flamingo ◽  
Phoenicopterus Ruber

The American Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber, is a charismatic bird distributed throughout the Caribbean, North and South America. Its wide distribution, the complexity of international monitoring due to its capacity for long-distance flying, and a focus mostly on local populations, make it difficult to understand the dynamics between sites. Here, we took advantage of the citizen eBird science project to present a global perspective on the distribution of the American Flamingo, and identify the potentially most important countries for breeding. We obtained 16,930 records for the Americas from the 1960s until October 2018, of which 9,283 could be used for our objectives. The eBird database indicated a considerable increase in the total number of records over the last decade (2010s), probably reflecting an increase in tourism facilities, research investment, technological advancement, interest in conservation, and the worldwide availability of eBird. We also observed a range extension in the Gulf of Mexico in the United States and a significant recolonization in the Florida Peninsula. The apparent range extension to the South is more likely to be linked to biases in the data; for example, in any given country the number of records might reflect either reporting efforts or actual numbers. eBird data confirmed that six countries host the main breeding colonies (Bahamas, Bonaire, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, and Venezuela). We suggest three additional countries as potential breeding areas for the species (Colombia, Curaçao, Turks and Caicos Islands) for which more field observations are necessary to support this possibility. This global appraisal of the distribution of the American Flamingo using citizen science data provides valuable information for national and international management and conservation programs such as the need to verify the species breeding status in areas where it appears to be expanding its distribution.

scholarly journals Assessment of Epidemic Potential of Soybean Rust in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 678-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pivonia ◽  
X. B. Yang ◽  
Z. Pan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Production Areas

This article assesses the epidemic potential of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in the United States. In the assessment, there are three critical components of uncertainty: (i) suitability of climate conditions in production areas for soybean rust epidemics; (ii) likelihood of establishment of the fungus in North America; and (iii) the seasonal dispersal potential of the pathogen from overwintering regions to major soybean production regions. Assessments on the first and second components suggest soybean rust epidemics are likely in the United States, and the certainty of the third component is yet to be determined. Comparison of epidemiological factors for soybean rust in soybean production regions between China and the United States shows a complicated picture with the United States having factors that both increase and decrease risk. Future investigation of risk components—incipience in the field and long-distance dispersal—is needed.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Communication Challenges during COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. p22
Author(s):  
Maurice Odine, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Science Communication ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
World Health ◽  
Media Management ◽  
The Public ◽  
Communication Challenges ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Social Media Management ◽  
Advertising And Promotion

Communication for COVID-19 is to educate the public about protecting themselves from infections. Having sprung wildly from Wuhan, China, the virus has spread from the United States and 31 territories. Strazewski (2020) writes, “How Science Communication is failing during Covid-19,” published in the Journal of American Medical Association, regrets prevalent inadequacy of reporting. Organizations such as World Health Origination (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) admit communication is important, asserting that trust, transparency, public interest, and planning are crucial in messaging. Companies should, therefore, rethink advertising and promotion strategies and reassure shareholders and stakeholders of the volatility of the epidemic. In “Evolving Outbreaks and Evolving Communication,” the authors acknowledge that before an outbreak is recognized and an investigation begins, a limited number of persons might be exposed to health risks without experiencing illness. Unlike yesteryears, communicating health messages today during an outbreak calls for a mix of channels that include social media management. Furthermore, partnerships should be developed between the science community and communications specialist from a global perspective.

Technology and Political Change: The Public Interest Impact of COMSAT

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-424
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Supersonic Transport ◽  
The Public ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual

The rapid technological change which the United States has experienced in the postwar era is now forcing a realignment between industry and the Federal Government. Traditional systems of interaction between the public and private sectors, including the various regulatory systems, are in need of reexamination in light of the new relationships. Different patterns of organization and governmental participation will need to be developed in several areas. Granting that the scope of projects such as going to the moon, building a supersonic transport or developing a world-wide communication satellite system requires governmental investment, on what basis can the government protect its investment and insure that the corporations are not profiting unduly at the expense of the individual taxpayer?

scholarly journals Assessing the impact of an online climate science community: The Early Career Climate Forum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meaghan L. Guckian ◽  
Ezra M. Markowitz ◽  
Clay S. Tucker ◽  
Elsita Kiekebusch ◽  
Toni Klemm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Science ◽  
Science Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Science Management ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Science Management Interface ◽  
The Impact

AbstractOnline science communities can serve as powerful platforms for advancing scientific knowledge, capacity, and outreach by increasing collaboration and information sharing among geographically distant peers, practitioners, and the public. Here, we examine the value and role of the Early Career Climate Forum (ECCF), a climate-focused online science community based in the United States dedicated to training and providing support to the next generation of climate scientists. In a survey of community users and contributors, we find that the ECCF played a unique role in providing users access to career resources as well as climate-related research and insights. Respondents also indicated that the ECCF provides them with a strong sense of community and a sense of hope for the future of climate science research. These findings highlight the importance of online science communities in shaping and supporting the next generation of scientists and practitioners working at the science-management interface on climate change issues.

Cycle Study of "Environmentally Compatible propulsion System for Next-Generation Supersonic Transport"

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000.4 (0) ◽  
pp. 327-328
Author(s):  
Kuninori FUJII ◽  
Yoshio KOIDE ◽  
Tsugio MITSUOKA ◽  
Ryoji YANAGI
Keyword(s):  
Propulsion System ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Supersonic Transport

Verán ustedes las chozas más humildes. El discurso de pobreza en la diplomacia pública cardenista dirigida a Estados Unidos

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-281
Author(s):  
Sylvia Dümmer Scheel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Deal ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Government ◽  
Lazaro Cardenas ◽  
The New Deal

El artículo analiza la diplomacia pública del gobierno de Lázaro Cárdenas centrándose en su opción por publicitar la pobreza nacional en el extranjero, especialmente en Estados Unidos. Se plantea que se trató de una estrategia inédita, que accedió a poner en riesgo el “prestigio nacional” con el fin de justificar ante la opinión pública estadounidense la necesidad de implementar las reformas contenidas en el Plan Sexenal. Aprovechando la inusual empatía hacia los pobres en tiempos del New Deal, se construyó una imagen específica de pobreza que fuera higiénica y redimible. Ésta, sin embargo, no generó consenso entre los mexicanos. This article analyzes the public diplomacy of the government of Lázaro Cárdenas, focusing on the administration’s decision to publicize the nation’s poverty internationally, especially in the United States. This study suggests that this was an unprecedented strategy, putting “national prestige” at risk in order to explain the importance of implementing the reforms contained in the Six Year Plan, in the face of public opinion in the United States. Taking advantage of the increased empathy felt towards the poor during the New Deal, a specific image of hygienic and redeemable poverty was constructed. However, this strategy did not generate agreement among Mexicans.

The 1970s

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Borstelmann
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Retirement Plans ◽  
Free Agency ◽  
The World ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Oil Crisis ◽  
American Society

This book looks at an iconic decade when the cultural left and economic right came to the fore in American society and the world at large. While many have seen the 1970s as simply a period of failures epitomized by Watergate, inflation, the oil crisis, global unrest, and disillusionment with military efforts in Vietnam, this book creates a new framework for understanding the period and its legacy. It demonstrates how the 1970s increased social inclusiveness and, at the same time, encouraged commitments to the free market and wariness of government. As a result, American culture and much of the rest of the world became more—and less—equal. This book explores how the 1970s forged the contours of contemporary America. Military, political, and economic crises undercut citizens' confidence in government. Free market enthusiasm led to lower taxes, a volunteer army, individual 401(k) retirement plans, free agency in sports, deregulated airlines, and expansions in gambling and pornography. At the same time, the movement for civil rights grew, promoting changes for women, gays, immigrants, and the disabled. And developments were not limited to the United States. Many countries gave up colonial and racial hierarchies to develop a new formal commitment to human rights, while economic deregulation spread to other parts of the world, from Chile and the United Kingdom to China. Placing a tempestuous political culture within a global perspective, this book shows that the decade wrought irrevocable transformations upon American society and the broader world that continue to resonate today.

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