The Development of Ancient Earthquake Instruments

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Sen Yan ◽  
Kuo-Hung Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Great Sensitivity ◽  
Recording System ◽  
Major Difficulty ◽  
Ancient China ◽  
Sensing Element ◽  
Pendulum System ◽  
Timing System ◽  
Electromagnetic Seismograph ◽  
Zhang Heng ◽  
Made In

This paper studies sensing element designs in ancient seismometers and describes the developments of ancient earthquake instruments. A basic seismograph comprises a seismometer, a recording system, and a timing system. The major difficulty in the development of a seismograph was the design of the seismometer. And, the break through was the use of a pendulum system as a sensing element that responded to ground motion and did not move with the ground. Early seismoscopes were primarily intended to determine that an earthquake had happened. The first seismoscope invented by Zhang Heng was Hou Feng Di Dong Yi made in ancient China around the year 132 AD. The truly successful seismographs were first designed and built in the 1880s by a group of British scientists in Japan. In 1906, Boris Galitzin developed a working electromagnetic seismograph with a great sensitivity. Finally, a comparison with the recording systems of ancient seismographs is concluded.

Recording Auditory-Nerve Potentials as an Office Procedure

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre B. Montandon ◽  
Norman D. Megill ◽  
William T. Peake ◽  
Amy R. Kahn ◽  
Nelson Y.S. Kiang
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Nerve ◽  
Acoustic Noise ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Recording System ◽  
Small Signal ◽  
Invasive Procedures ◽  
Routine Procedure ◽  
Office Procedure ◽  
Electrode Location ◽  
Made In

Recording auditory-nerve potentials from human subjects is already a routine procedure in the laboratory. In order to bring such recording capabilities into the office of practicing otologists, a number of difficulties had to be overcome. First, a small signal averager was built and incorporated into a stimulus generating and response recording system. The entire system was made portable and self-sufficient. The effects of electrical interference and background acoustic noise were shown to be tolerable. After studies of how responses vary with electrode location, electrodes were designed to be placed on the ear canal so that no invasive procedures were necessary. Methods were found to simplify the procedure so that recordings can be made in a matter of minutes by one person working alone.

scholarly journals Art.XII.—The Metallic Cowries of Ancient China (600 b.c.)

1888 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-439
Author(s):  
Terrien de Lacouperie
Keyword(s):  
Ancient China ◽  
Made In

1. Several of the collections of coins made in their own country by intelligent and enthusiastic Chinese Numismatists contain specimens of a curiously-shaped scarab-like copper currency. They are various called Y-pi tsien or ‘Ant's nose metallic currency;’ kuei-tou or ‘Ghosts’ heads,' and finally Ho-pei tsien or ‘Cowries Metallic currency.’

scholarly journals Influence of Parking Price on Parking Garage Users’ Behaviour

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 413-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Simićević ◽  
Nada Milosavljević ◽  
Goran Maletić
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Logit Model ◽  
Multinomial Logit Model ◽  
Great Sensitivity ◽  
Multinomial Model ◽  
Parking Garage ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Binary Logit ◽  
First Time ◽  
Made In

Parking charge is a powerful tool for solving parking and traffic congestion problems. In order to achieve the expected effects without any adverse impact it is necessary to understand well the users’ responses to this policy. This paper, based on a sample of interviewed parking garage users, has developed binary logit model for identification and quantification of characteristics of users and trips, on which the acceptance of parking price is dependent. In addition, multinomial logit model has been made in order to predict what the users will opt for when faced with an increase in parking price. For the first time the parameter “shorten duration” has been introduced which has shown to be the most significant in making behaviour-related decisions. The results show that the users with the purpose work are the most sensitive to an increase in parking charge, what can be deemed positive for policy makers. However, great sensitivity of the users with the purpose shopping should cause their concern. The results of the multinomial model show that they would not discontinue coming into the area after all.

593. Intramammary pressure changes in the lactating cow: I. Changes during the milking process

1955 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Whittlestone
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Recording System ◽  
Pressure Recording ◽  
Steady Pressure ◽  
Pressure Changes ◽  
Pressure Fall ◽  
Made In

Using an electrical pressure-recording system simultaneous pressure records have been made in both the milked and unmilked quarters of a dairy cow. The unmilked quarters showed a very slow fall in pressure, while, as would be expected, the milked quarter showed a steady pressure fall. Re-stimulation some time after the beginning of the experiment resulted in a rise and fall in pressure within the milked quarters, but no change when the quarter was not milked.

scholarly journals Further Studies on Synaptic Transmission in Insects

1970 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-265
Author(s):  
Y. PICHON ◽  
J. J. CALLEC
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Giant Axon ◽  
Recording System ◽  
Small Length ◽  
Synaptic Action ◽  
Extracellular Recordings ◽  
Synaptic Structures ◽  
Electrode Technique ◽  
Made In

1. The dissection of a small length of a giant axon between the 5th and the 6th ganglia of the abdominal nerve cord of the cockroach Periplaneta americana allows extracellular recordings of excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) to be made in particularly good conditions. 2. ‘Spontaneous’ or ‘induced’ EPSPs are smaller and slower than those recorded with conventional micro-electrodes. 3. Post-synaptic action potentials are very similar to, or even larger than, those recorded by means of intracellular electrodes. 4. The low impedance of the recording system, together with its stability, allows numerous experiments to be made which were nearly impossible with the micro-electrode technique. 5. It is suggested that this technique might be used for other post-synaptic structures.

scholarly journals Interpreters and the Writing of History in China

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Lung
Keyword(s):  
Tang Dynasty ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Ancient China ◽  
Historical Texts ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Tang Dynasty ◽  
Liang Dynasty ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Made In

Abstract This article argues that interpreters are crucial figures in the recording of history. Evidence taken from historical texts in ancient China is used to verify the claim that interpreters’ notes might have been used as a reference in composing historical records. By documenting the Tang dynasty (AD 618-907) policy to have interpreters interview foreign envoys and submit the relevant accounts to the Bureau of Historiography, this article provides background for the link between interpreters’ interview notes and history compilation in China. Evidence is further drawn from the history of the Sui dynasty (AD 581-618), whereby an interpreter’s mediated account of the emperor’s conversation with a Japanese envoy was directly adapted. Most interestingly, pictorial and written documents of foreign peoples made in the mid-6th century during the Liang dynasty (AD 502-557) were found to be very similar to the written accounts about these foreign peoples in Liangshu, the history of the Liang dynasty, completed in the early 7th century. Apparently, there is a solid link between the interview accounts and historical accounts about foreign peoples in China. Thus, there is a strong possibility that interpreters’ notes, in the form of reports, provide important, if not primary, sources for history compilation in China.

scholarly journals Response to Pontoon and Pendulum Motion at Wave Energy Converter Based on Pendulum System

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 01022
Author(s):  
I.S. Arief ◽  
I.K. A. P. Utama ◽  
R. Hantoro ◽  
J. Prananda ◽  
Y. Safitri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Energy ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Ocean Waves ◽  
Pendulum System ◽  
Ocean Wave Energy ◽  
Large Cylinder ◽  
The Right ◽  
Power Wave ◽  
Made In

Energy conversion technology derived from ocean wave energy has been developed, one of them is the Power Wave sea-Pendulum System (PLTGL-SB). PLTGL composed of a pontoon which is subjected to the excitation force of ocean waves and will move the pendulum on the top of the pontoon. This study aims to analyze the best shape for PLTGL- SB’s pontoon and determine the largest deviation generated due to the movement of the pendulum vertical pontoon. Pontoon shapes studied are pontoon consisting of a large cylinder in the middle and there are two boats on the right and left, like a trimaran ship. Variations were made in this study consisted of variations of length and height boats, the draft height, wave period, the mass and the length of the pendulum arm. Best pontoon shape is determined by simulating the shape of a pontoon with Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD). Pendulum deviation obtained by mathematical modeling pontoon two degrees of freedom (roll) and pendulum. Based on the chart Response Amplitude Operator (RAO) pontoon shape is best for PLTGL-SB is a pontoon with a 2/3 full large cylinder diameter, 1.5 cm height boats, catamarans length of 41.5 cm. Based on the results of a mathematical model of the largest deviation of the pendulum is generated when the pontoon is placed in the period of 0.8 s, with a mass and pendulum arm lengths are 19.9 g and 10.6 cm.

scholarly journals Research on material selection of force-sensitive element for high-frequency dynamic piezoelectric pressure sensor

2022 ◽  
Vol 355 ◽  
pp. 01026
Author(s):  
Sikang Cai ◽  
Guicong Wang ◽  
Yingjun Li ◽  
Xiaoqi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Sensitive Element ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Coupling Effect ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Great Sensitivity ◽  
Sensing Element ◽  
Piezoelectric Pressure Sensor

The high-frequency dynamic piezoelectric pressure sensor has the advantages of simple structure, long service life, high natural frequency, excellent signal-to-noise ratio and great sensitivity. It is appropriate for measuring high dynamic, dynamic or quasi-static pressure changes and pressure fluctuations. And this kind of sensor is widely utilized in the shock wave testing. The force-sensitive element is one of the main factors affecting the static and dynamic performance of piezoelectric pressure sensors. Basing on the piezoelectric equation and coupling effect between mechanics and electricity, in this paper, the finite element model of the high-frequency dynamic piezoelectric pressure sensor is established. The influences of the force-sensing element on the sensitivity of the sensor are analysed. Referential suggestions for choosing force-sensitive element of high-frequency dynamic piezoelectric pressure sensor are provided.

Zhang Heng's Huntian yi zhu Revisited

T oung Pao ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 98 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 31-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Edmund Lien
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Ancient China ◽  
The Past ◽  
Major Flaw ◽  
The One ◽  
Zhang Heng ◽  
Eastern Han ◽  
Mathematical Interpretation

AbstractThe Huntian yi zhu is one of the earliest surviving works on astronomy in ancient China. It is traditionally attributed to Zhang Heng (78-139) of the Eastern Han. Modern scholars have studied the text for the past seven decades and there seems to be agreement on its interpretation, especially on its mathematical contents. This article identifies one major flaw in the assumptions among the modern studies of the piece: the term shao ban, incorrectly taken to mean “one quarter,” should mean “one third.” The mathematical interpretation of the Huntian yi zhu by scholars including Christopher Cullen and Chen Meidong has to be reworked. A new reading is presented here, which demonstrates Zhang Heng's meticulousness on the one hand and our adherence to the philological principle of lectio difficilior potior (the more difficult reading is the stronger) on the other.

Thermoanalytical Investigations on Terracotta Warriors of the Qin Dynasty

1988 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans G. Wiedemann ◽  
Andreas Boller ◽  
Gerhard Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Ancient China ◽  
Thermoanalytical Investigations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Made In

Ancient Chinese ceramics is usually related or equated with the terms pottery and porcelain. In fact the manufacture of porcelain in ancient China is one of the most important chapters in the history of ceramics. Porcelain products were developed gradually from stoneware over a time span of nearly a thousand years. The typical white and translucent porcelain that we know as China was probably first made in the ninth century.

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