Estimation of Reaction Time During Human Balancing on Rolling Balance Board Based on Mechanical Models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csenge A. Molnar ◽  
Tamas Insperger
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Time Delay ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Human Balancing ◽  
Wheel Radius ◽  
Balance Board

Abstract Human balancing on rolling balance board in the sagittal plane is analyzed such that the geometry of the balance board can be adjusted: the radius R of the wheels and the elevation h between the top of the wheels and the board can be changed. These two parameters have a significant influence on the stability of standing on the board as shown by preliminary experiments. The human body was modeled by a single inverted pendulum, while the balance board was considered by the geometry of the mechanical model. Based on literature, it was assumed that the central nervous system (CNS) controls by signals proportional to the angle and angular velocity of the human body and the balance board and is able to tune the feedback gains with 40% accuracy during the balancing process. To take the reaction time into consideration, operation of the CNS was modeled as a delayed proportional-derivative feedback. The critical time delay for the stabilization process is defined such that if the delay is larger than the critical one then no control gains could stabilize the system. Four balance board configurations were chosen with different wheel radius and the corresponding critical time delays were computed based on the mechanical model. Eight young healthy individuals participated in the experiments. Their task was to perform 60 s long balancing trials on each balance board. The reaction time of the participants was estimated by comparing the numerical results obtained for the critical time delay and their successful and unsuccessful balancing trials. The reaction times were found to be in the range of 0.10–0.15 s which are in good agreement with the literature.

Rolling balance board of adjustable geometry as a tool to assess balancing skill and to estimate reaction time delay

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (176) ◽  
Author(s):  
Csenge A. Molnar ◽  
Ambrus Zelei ◽  
Tamas Insperger
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Time Delay ◽  
Feedback Control ◽  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Stabilizing Feedback Control ◽  
Model Subject ◽  
Balance Board

The relation between balancing performance and reaction time is investigated for human subjects balancing on rolling balance board of adjustable physical parameters: adjustable rolling radius R and adjustable board elevation h . A well-defined measure of balancing performance is whether a subject can or cannot balance on balance board with a given geometry ( R , h ). The balancing ability is linked to the stabilizability of the underlying two-degree-of-freedom mechanical model subject to a delayed proportional–derivative feedback control. Although different sensory perceptions involve different reaction times at different hierarchical feedback loops, their effect is modelled as a single lumped reaction time delay. Stabilizability is investigated in terms of the time delay in the mechanical model: if the delay is larger than a critical value (critical delay), then no stabilizing feedback control exists. Series of balancing trials by 15 human subjects show that it is more difficult to balance on balance board configuration associated with smaller critical delay, than on balance boards associated with larger critical delay. Experiments verify the feature of the mechanical model that a change in the rolling radius R results in larger change in the difficulty of the task than the same change in the board elevation h does. The rolling balance board characterized by the two well-defined parameters R and h can therefore be a useful device to assess human balancing skill and to estimate the corresponding lumped reaction time delay.

Fractionated Reaction Times and Movement Times of Down Syndrome and Other Adults with Mental Retardation

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter E. Davis ◽  
William A. Sparrow ◽  
Terry Ward
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Time Delay ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Elbow Extension ◽  
Total Reaction ◽  
Time Motor ◽  
Total Reaction Time

A fractionation technique was employed to determine the locus of reaction time delay in Down syndrome (DS) and other adult subjects with mental retardation (MH). Twenty-three subjects (8 nondisabled, 8 MH, and 7 DS) responded to a light, sound, and combination light/sound signal. Dependent measures of premotor time, motor time, total reaction time, and movement time were obtained during a 20° elbow extension movement and were analyzed separately. As expected, both MH and DS subjects were slower and more variable in their responses than the subjects without disabilities. In turn, DS subjects were significantly slower but not more variable than the MH subjects. There were no significant differences between the DS and MH subjects on movement times. Evidence for both a specific (premotor) and a generalized (both premotor and motor) locus of delay was found. Some difference in signal effect was also found for the DS subjects.

scholarly journals MECHANICAL MODEL FOR HUMAN BALANCING ON ROLLING BALANCE BOARD

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csenge A. Molnar ◽  
Ambrus Zelei ◽  
Tamas Insperger
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Feedback Delay ◽  
Human Balancing ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Two Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Balance Board ◽  
Human Nervous System

A two-degree-of-freedom mechanical model was developed to analyze human balancing on rolling balance board in the frontal plane. The human nervous system is modeled as a proportionalderivative controller with constant feedback delay. The radius R of the wheels and the board distance h measured from the center of the wheel are adjustable parameters. Simulation results using the mechanical model were compared with real balancing trials recorded by an OptiTrack motion capture system. The goal of the paper is to investigate whether the two-degree-of-freedom model is accurate enough to model the balancing task and to introduce a stabilometry parameter in order to characterize balancing skill in case of different set of R and h. The conclusion is that the angle of the upper body and the angle of the head also play an important role in the balancing process therefore a three- or four-degree-of-freedom model is more appropriate.

scholarly journals Introduction of a Complex Reaction Time Tester Instrument

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Reginald Zana ◽  
Ambrus Zelei
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Time Delay ◽  
Time Instant ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Complex Reaction ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Human Balancing ◽  
The Individual

The reaction time, which is also referred as reflex delay in the literature, is an important factor in human balancing, since reaction time highly affects the ability of self stabilization. Increased reaction time delay may cause dangerous fall-over accidents related to elderly people. Reaction time depends on age, health, everyday activities, the general and actual physical and mental state of the individual and the environmental conditions.The reaction time is considered as a parameter in many of the mathematical models of the neural processes in human balancing. It is beneficial in many cases to estimate the reaction time based on experimental data.The present paper introduces the prototype of a complex reaction time tester instrument. The novelty of the instrument is that the reaction time can be measured in various combinations of sensory organs and reaction movements. The reaction time is defined as the time duration in between the initial time instant of the stimulus of the sensory organs (input signal) and the onset of the response that is typically indicated by a button or a pedal. Another novelty is that the instrument is free of any uncertain time delay, which is not the case for several instruments available.Usually, human simple reaction time is considered to be roughly about 200 ms. The shortest (aural) reaction time for skilled athletes is 85ms. In our measurements the shortest reaction time was 97 ms, and the mean about 190 ms in simple reaction cases. So our collected experimental data are in agreement with the literature.

Modeling Within-Person Variance in Reaction Time Data of Older Adults

GeroPsych ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Rast ◽  
Daniel Zimprich
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Time Task ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Wave

In order to model within-person (WP) variance in a reaction time task, we applied a mixed location scale model using 335 participants from the second wave of the Zurich Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Aging. The age of the respondents and the performance in another reaction time task were used to explain individual differences in the WP variance. To account for larger variances due to slower reaction times, we also used the average of the predicted individual reaction time (RT) as a predictor for the WP variability. Here, the WP variability was a function of the mean. At the same time, older participants were more variable and those with better performance in another RT task were more consistent in their responses.

The Level of Reaction Time Determines the ERP Correlates of Auditory Negative Priming

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Mayr ◽  
Michael Niedeggen ◽  
Axel Buchner ◽  
Guido Orgs
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Negative Priming ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Negative Priming Effect ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Time Level ◽  
Fast Reactions ◽  
Priming Condition

Responding to a stimulus that had to be ignored previously is usually slowed-down (negative priming effect). This study investigates the reaction time and ERP effects of the negative priming phenomenon in the auditory domain. Thirty participants had to categorize sounds as musical instruments or animal voices. Reaction times were slowed-down in the negative priming condition relative to two control conditions. This effect was stronger for slow reactions (above intraindividual median) than for fast reactions (below intraindividual median). ERP analysis revealed a parietally located negativity of the negative priming condition compared to the control conditions between 550-730 ms poststimulus. This replicates the findings of Mayr, Niedeggen, Buchner, and Pietrowsky (2003) . The ERP correlate was more pronounced for slow trials (above intraindividual median) than for fast trials (below intraindividual median). The dependency of the negative priming effect size on the reaction time level found in the reaction time analysis as well as in the ERP analysis is consistent with both the inhibition as well as the episodic retrieval account of negative priming. A methodological artifact explanation of this effect-size dependency is discussed and discarded.

The Effect of Retest Practice on the Speed-Ability Relationship

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sybille Rockstroh ◽  
Karl Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Attention Switching ◽  
Letter Comparison ◽  
Sternberg Paradigm ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Elementary Cognitive Tasks

Effects of four retest-practice sessions separated by 2 h intervals on the relationship between general intelligence and four reaction time tasks (two memory tests: Sternberg's memory scanning, Posner's letter comparison; and two attention tests: continuous attention, attention switching) were examined in a sample of 83 male participants. Reaction times on all tasks were shortened significantly. The effects were most pronounced with respect to the Posner paradigm and smallest with respect to the Sternberg paradigm. The relationship to general intelligence changed after practice for two reaction time tasks. It increased to significance for continuous attention and decreased for the Posner paradigm. These results indicate that the relationship between psychometric intelligence and elementary cognitive tasks depends on the ability of skill acquisition. In the search for the cognitive roots of intelligence the concept of learning seems to be of importance.

How Useful is the Power Law of Practice for Recognizing Practice in Concentration Tests?

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Hagemeister
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Practice Effect ◽  
Practice Effects ◽  
Rate Decrease ◽  
Small Practice

Abstract. When concentration tests are completed repeatedly, reaction time and error rate decrease considerably, but the underlying ability does not improve. In order to overcome this validity problem this study aimed to test if the practice effect between tests and within tests can be useful in determining whether persons have already completed this test. The power law of practice postulates that practice effects are greater in unpracticed than in practiced persons. Two experiments were carried out in which the participants completed the same tests at the beginning and at the end of two test sessions set about 3 days apart. In both experiments, the logistic regression could indeed classify persons according to previous practice through the practice effect between the tests at the beginning and at the end of the session, and, less well but still significantly, through the practice effect within the first test of the session. Further analyses showed that the practice effects correlated more highly with the initial performance than was to be expected for mathematical reasons; typically persons with long reaction times have larger practice effects. Thus, small practice effects alone do not allow one to conclude that a person has worked on the test before.

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