Automated Quantum Entanglement and Cryptography for Networks of Robotic Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farbod Khoshnoud ◽  
Maziar Ghazinejad
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Robots ◽  
Quantum Entanglement ◽  
Quantum Control ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Robotic Systems ◽  
Single Photons ◽  
Alignment Procedure ◽  
Automated Alignment

Abstract In this paper the procedure for automating the photon quantum experiments for mobile robotic applications is presented. Due to the rapid advances of quantum technologies and quantum engineering, the integration of quantum capabilities in robotic and autonomous systems will be inevitable, and therefore the study and investigation of compatibility and adaptability of quantum systems and classical autonomous systems is of great importance. In a quantum-classical hybrid setup, the source of single photon generation is placed on a leader robot which can send correlated single photons to robot followers. In the case of quantum entanglement, spontaneous parametric down-conversion process using nonlinear paired BBO crystals is implemented which sends entangled photons to the single photon counting modules installed on mobile robots. In the case of quantum cryptography, single photons are sent from Alice robot to Bob robot, where Alice has the course of single photon and Bob has a polarizing beamsplitter and two detectors and that can detect the polarization of photons as vertical and horizontal. Bob then can convert the polarizations to a digital signals as zeros and ones and use them as communication information for control purposes through a classical channel. Motorized optics equipment can automatically align the source of photons to detectors on the mobile robots. The automated alignment procedure is one of the key enabling technologies in integrating quantum capabilities with control of mobile robotic systems. In this paper, in particular, the automated alignment is studied while considering the uncertainties in the dynamic of the system which can potentially cause the alignment task very challenging. The uncertainty analysis in the automated alignment is implemented by Optimal Uncertainty Quantification technique to ensure achieving the quantum control of the robotic systems and presented here for the first time.

scholarly journals Quantum entanglement of angular momentum states with quantum numbers up to 10,010

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (48) ◽  
pp. 13642-13647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Fickler ◽  
Geoff Campbell ◽  
Ben Buchler ◽  
Ping Koy Lam ◽  
Anton Zeilinger
Keyword(s):  
Angular Momentum ◽  
Quantum Entanglement ◽  
Optical Tweezers ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Angular Resolution ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Single Photons ◽  
Quantum Numbers ◽  
Mechanical Prediction ◽  
Spiral Phase

Photons with a twisted phase front carry a quantized amount of orbital angular momentum (OAM) and have become important in various fields of optics, such as quantum and classical information science or optical tweezers. Because no upper limit on the OAM content per photon is known, they are also interesting systems to experimentally challenge quantum mechanical prediction for high quantum numbers. Here, we take advantage of a recently developed technique to imprint unprecedented high values of OAM, namely spiral phase mirrors, to generate photons with more than 10,000 quanta of OAM. Moreover, we demonstrate quantum entanglement between these large OAM quanta of one photon and the polarization of its partner photon. To our knowledge, this corresponds to entanglement with the largest quantum number that has been demonstrated in an experiment. The results may also open novel ways to couple single photons to massive objects, enhance angular resolution, and highlight OAM as a promising way to increase the information capacity of a single photon.

scholarly journals Harvesting entropy and quantifying the transition from noise to chaos in a photon-counting feedback loop

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (30) ◽  
pp. 9258-9263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Morgan Hagerstrom ◽  
Thomas Edward Murphy ◽  
Rajarshi Roy
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Random Number Generation ◽  
Optical Signal ◽  
Entropy Rate ◽  
Single Photons ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Chaotic Laser ◽  
Long Timescales

Many physical processes, including the intensity fluctuations of a chaotic laser, the detection of single photons, and the Brownian motion of a microscopic particle in a fluid are unpredictable, at least on long timescales. This unpredictability can be due to a variety of physical mechanisms, but it is quantified by an entropy rate. This rate, which describes how quickly a system produces new and random information, is fundamentally important in statistical mechanics and practically important for random number generation. We experimentally study entropy generation and the emergence of deterministic chaotic dynamics from discrete noise in a system that applies feedback to a weak optical signal at the single-photon level. We show that the dynamics transition from shot noise to chaos as the photon rate increases and that the entropy rate can reflect either the deterministic or noisy aspects of the system depending on the sampling rate and resolution.

Ti/Au TES AS SUPERCONDUCTING DETECTOR FOR QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES

2011 ◽  
Vol 09 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 405-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. LOLLI ◽  
G. BRIDA ◽  
I. P. DEGIOVANNI ◽  
M. GRAMEGNA ◽  
E. MONTICONE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Transition Edge Sensor ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Single Photons ◽  
Photon Detectors ◽  
Preliminary Measurement ◽  
Transition Edge ◽  
Visible Wavelength Range ◽  
Single Photon Detectors ◽  
Down Conversion

Single photon detectors are fundamental tools for quantum metrology, e.g. to calibrate both detectors and sources, as for quantum information. One of the most promising detectors able to resolve single photons is the transition-edge sensor (TES). We report our last results obtained with Ti/Au TES deposited on SiN substrate. Photon counting measurements, obtained by using pulsed sources, in the NIR-visible wavelength range, show the ability to resolve up to fourteen photons with an energy resolution of 0.44 eV at 690 nm (1.80 eV) and 0.38 eV at 1310 nm (0.95 eV), with a good linearity. A preliminary measurement obtained by using a parametric down conversion (PDC) heralded single photon source, at 812 nm (1.53 eV), is also reported.

Future Definition of the Candela Based on Single Photons

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
Dong-Hoon LEE ◽  
Kee-Suk HONG
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Primary Standard ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Radiant Flux ◽  
Single Photons ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Fixed Constant ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Near Future

We discuss the candela (cd), the SI unit for light intensity, and its relation to single-photon technology. Currently, the definition of candela is based on the radiant flux in the unit of watts (W) with a fixed constant Kcd, and its primary standard is implemented electrically. Recent advances in the generation and the detection of a single photon indicate that photon-counting techniques with very small uncertainties of less than 1 ppm will become available in the near future. Thus single-photon technology will allow the light intensity to be defined simply in terms of the number of photons counted rather than the power measured in watts.

scholarly journals Photon-counting MCP/Timepix detectors for soft X-ray imaging and spectroscopic applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton S. Tremsin ◽  
John V. Vallerga ◽  
Oswald H. W. Siegmund ◽  
Justin Woods ◽  
Lance E. De Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Single Photons ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Detection Technology ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Multiple Particles ◽  
Event Rates

Detectors with microchannel plates (MCPs) provide unique capabilities to detect single photons with high spatial (<10 µm) and timing (<25 ps) resolution. Although this detection technology was originally developed for applications with low event rates, recent progress in readout electronics has enabled their operation at substantially higher rates by simultaneous detection of multiple particles. In this study, the potential use of MCP detectors with Timepix readout for soft X-ray imaging and spectroscopic applications where the position and time of each photon needs to be recorded is investigated. The proof-of-principle experiments conducted at the Advanced Light Source demonstrate the capabilities of MCP/Timepix detectors to operate at relatively high input counting rates, paving the way for the application of these detectors in resonance inelastic X-ray scattering and X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) applications. Local count rate saturation was investigated for the MCP/Timepix detector, which requires optimization of acquisition parameters for a specific scattering pattern. A single photon cluster analysis algorithm was developed to eliminate the charge spreading effects in the detector and increase the spatial resolution to subpixel values. Results of these experiments will guide the ongoing development of future MCP devices optimized for soft X-ray photon-counting applications, which should enable XPCS dynamics measurements down to sub-microsecond timescales.

Single Point PICA Probing with an Avalanche Photo-Diode

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Bruce ◽  
Rama R. Goruganthu ◽  
Shawn McBride ◽  
David Bethke ◽  
J.M. Chin
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Ring Oscillator ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Single Photon Counting ◽  
Photo Diode ◽  
Avalanche Photo Diode ◽  
Photo Multiplier Tube ◽  
Channel Plate

Abstract For time resolved hot carrier emission from the backside, an alternate approach is demonstrated termed single point PICA. The single point approach records time resolved emission from an individual transistor using time-correlated-single-photon counting and an avalanche photo-diode. The avalanche photo-diode has a much higher quantum efficiency than micro-channel plate photo-multiplier tube based imaging cameras typically used in earlier approaches. The basic system is described and demonstrated from the backside on a ring oscillator circuit.

scholarly journals UVscope and its application aboard the ASTRI-Horn telescope

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Concetta Maccarone ◽  
Giovanni La Rosa ◽  
Osvaldo Catalano ◽  
Salvo Giarrusso ◽  
Alberto Segreto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Light Flux ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
High Energy Astrophysics ◽  
Single Photon Counting ◽  
Photon Counting Mode

AbstractUVscope is an instrument, based on a multi-pixel photon detector, developed to support experimental activities for high-energy astrophysics and cosmic ray research. The instrument, working in single photon counting mode, is designed to directly measure light flux in the wavelengths range 300-650 nm. The instrument can be used in a wide field of applications where the knowledge of the nocturnal environmental luminosity is required. Currently, one UVscope instrument is allocated onto the external structure of the ASTRI-Horn Cherenkov telescope devoted to the gamma-ray astronomy at very high energies. Being co-aligned with the ASTRI-Horn camera axis, UVscope can measure the diffuse emission of the night sky background simultaneously with the ASTRI-Horn camera, without any interference with the main telescope data taking procedures. UVscope is properly calibrated and it is used as an independent reference instrument for test and diagnostic of the novel ASTRI-Horn telescope.

scholarly journals Noise and Breakdown Characterization of SPAD Detectors with Time-Gated Photon-Counting Operation

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5287
Author(s):  
Hiwa Mahmoudi ◽  
Michael Hofbauer ◽  
Bernhard Goll ◽  
Horst Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Breakdown Voltage ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Dark Count ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Noise Models

Being ready-to-detect over a certain portion of time makes the time-gated single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) an attractive candidate for low-noise photon-counting applications. A careful SPAD noise and performance characterization, however, is critical to avoid time-consuming experimental optimization and redesign iterations for such applications. Here, we present an extensive empirical study of the breakdown voltage, as well as the dark-count and afterpulsing noise mechanisms for a fully integrated time-gated SPAD detector in 0.35-μm CMOS based on experimental data acquired in a dark condition. An “effective” SPAD breakdown voltage is introduced to enable efficient characterization and modeling of the dark-count and afterpulsing probabilities with respect to the excess bias voltage and the gating duration time. The presented breakdown and noise models will allow for accurate modeling and optimization of SPAD-based detector designs, where the SPAD noise can impose severe trade-offs with speed and sensitivity as is shown via an example.

scholarly journals Design of a Real-Time Breakdown Voltage and On-Chip Temperature Monitoring System for Single Photon Avalanche Diodes

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Shijie Deng ◽  
Alan P. Morrison ◽  
Yong Guo ◽  
Chuanxin Teng ◽  
Ming Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Breakdown Voltage ◽  
Count Rate ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Temperature Monitoring ◽  
Dark Count ◽  
Chip Temperature ◽  
Avalanche Diodes ◽  
On Chip

The design and implementation of a real-time breakdown voltage and on-chip temperature monitoring system for single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) is described in this work. In the system, an on-chip shaded (active area of the detector covered by a metal layer) SPAD is used to provide a dark count rate for the breakdown voltage and temperature calculation. A bias circuit was designed to provide a bias voltage scanning for the shaded SPAD. A microcontroller records the pulses from the anode of the shaded SPAD and calculates its real-time dark count rate. An algorithm was developed for the microcontroller to calculate the SPAD’s breakdown voltage and the on-chip temperature in real time. Experimental results show that the system is capable of measuring the SPAD’s breakdown voltage with a mismatch of less than 1.2%. Results also show that the system can provide real-time on-chip temperature monitoring for the range of −10 to 50 °C with errors of less than 1.7 °C. The system proposed can be used for the real-time SPAD’s breakdown voltage and temperature estimation for dual-SPADs or SPAD arrays chip where identical detectors are fabricated on the same chip and one or more dummy SPADs are shaded. With the breakdown voltage and the on-chip temperature monitoring, intelligent control logic can be developed to optimize the performance of the SPAD-based photon counting system by adjusting the parameters such as excess bias voltage and dead-time. This is particularly useful for SPAD photon counting systems used in complex working environments such as the applications in 3D LIDAR imaging for geodesy, geology, geomorphology, forestry, atmospheric physics and autonomous vehicles.

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