A Bi-Directional Reflectance Function for Woven Textiles

<p>Cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin film material was deposited ontop of Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) substrate using vacuum evaporation technique. The sample was characterized using X-ray diffraction(XRD) and UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy. XRD studies revealed that the sample was polycrystalline in nature. The SEM image showed that the sample is columnar in structure and the grains are uniform. Optical band gap of the CdTe thin film was estimated from transmittance and reflectance data and it was found 1.53eV.The structural, optical and surface properties of the film showed that the CdTe thin film materials can be used for fabrication of CdTe thin film solar cell.</p>

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Towards a unified theory of fractional and nonlocal vector calculus

Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis ◽

10.1515/fca-2021-0057 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 1301-1355

Author(s):

Marta D’Elia ◽

Mamikon Gulian ◽

Hayley Olson ◽

George Em Karniadakis

Keyword(s):

Ad Hoc ◽

Broad Class ◽

Anomalous Behavior ◽

Unified Theory ◽

Constrained Problems ◽

Vector Calculus ◽

Weighted Laplacian ◽

Classical Vector ◽

Laplacian Operators ◽

Special Case

Abstract Nonlocal and fractional-order models capture effects that classical partial differential equations cannot describe; for this reason, they are suitable for a broad class of engineering and scientific applications that feature multiscale or anomalous behavior. This has driven a desire for a vector calculus that includes nonlocal and fractional gradient, divergence and Laplacian type operators, as well as tools such as Green’s identities, to model subsurface transport, turbulence, and conservation laws. In the literature, several independent definitions and theories of nonlocal and fractional vector calculus have been put forward. Some have been studied rigorously and in depth, while others have been introduced ad-hoc for specific applications. The goal of this work is to provide foundations for a unified vector calculus by (1) consolidating fractional vector calculus as a special case of nonlocal vector calculus, (2) relating unweighted and weighted Laplacian operators by introducing an equivalence kernel, and (3) proving a form of Green’s identity to unify the corresponding variational frameworks for the resulting nonlocal volume-constrained problems. The proposed framework goes beyond the analysis of nonlocal equations by supporting new model discovery, establishing theory and interpretation for a broad class of operators, and providing useful analogues of standard tools from the classical vector calculus.

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Investigation of a model inversion technique to estimate canopy biophysical variables from spectral and directional reflectance data

Agronomie ◽

10.1051/agro:2000105 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 3-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 235

Author(s):

Marie Weiss ◽

Frédéric Baret ◽

Ranga B. Myneni ◽

Agnès Pragnère ◽

Youri Knyazikhin

Keyword(s):

Model Inversion ◽

Inversion Technique ◽

Reflectance Data ◽

Directional Reflectance

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Visual and Surface Properties of CdTe Thin Films on CdS/FTO Glass Substrates

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) ◽

10.11591/ijece.v6i2.9064 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 468

Author(s):

Ramya K ◽

Yuvaraja T

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Surface Properties ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Film Material ◽

Cdte Thin Film ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Sem Image ◽

Glass Substrates ◽

Evaporation Technique ◽

Reflectance Data

<p>Cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin film material was deposited ontop of Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) substrate using vacuum evaporation technique. The sample was characterized using X-ray diffraction(XRD) and UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy. XRD studies revealed that the sample was polycrystalline in nature. The SEM image showed that the sample is columnar in structure and the grains are uniform. Optical band gap of the CdTe thin film was estimated from transmittance and reflectance data and it was found 1.53eV.The structural, optical and surface properties of the film showed that the CdTe thin film materials can be used for fabrication of CdTe thin film solar cell.</p>

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Surface Properties and Application of Fluorinated Emulsifier-Free Emulsion Surface Sizing Agent

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.923 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 316-317 ◽

pp. 923-926 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ying Su ◽

Yi Ding Shen ◽

Lei Wang ◽

Xiao Rong Wang ◽

Xiao Juan Lai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Properties ◽

Starch Content ◽

Fiber Surface ◽

Lower Surface ◽

Amphiphilic Polymers ◽

Treatment Temperature ◽

Butyl Methacrylate ◽

Free Energies ◽

Surface Sizing ◽

Lower Surface Free Energy

Fluorinated emulsifier-free emulsion surface sizing agent (FEE) was prepared by emulsifier-free polymerization of hexafluoro-butyl methacrylate (FA), styrene (St) and so on in the presence of fuorinated random amphiphilic polymers (ASRF) copolymerized by FA, St and acrylatic acid. Effects of ASRF content and treatment temperature on the surface properties of the films were investigated. Effects of ASRF content and oxide starch on the application were also discussed. Additionally, fiber morphologies of the samples were characterized by SEM.The results show that the appropriate increases of ASRF content and treatment temperature are good for the decreases of surface free energies of the films. When the ASRF content and oxide starch content is 5% and less 50% respectively, the FEE and its combination with oxide starch have good sizing performance. After the treatment by FEE, the fiber surface becomes smooth, which provides lower surface free energy of the fibers.

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