X-Ray Characterization of Real Fuel Sprays for Gasoline Direct Injection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon A. Sforzo ◽  
Aniket Tekawade ◽  
Alan L. Kastengren ◽  
Kamel Fezzaa ◽  
Jan Ilavsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Fuel Mass ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fuel Blends

Abstract The effects of fuel blend properties on spray and injector performance has been investigated for several operating conditions in a side-mount injector for Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) using two certification fuel blends, Euro 5 and Euro 6. Several X-ray diagnostic techniques were conducted to characterize the injector and spray morphology. Detailed internal geometry of the GDI injector was measured with a feature-resolution of 1.8 micrometers, through the use of hard X-ray tomography. The geometry characterization of this six-hole GDI, side mount injector, quantifies relevant hole and counterbore dimensions and reveals the intricate details within the flow passages, including surface roughness and micron-sized features. Internal valve motion was measured with a temporal resolution of 20 microseconds and a spatial resolution of 2.0 micrometers, for three injection pressures and several injector energizing strategies. The needle motion for both fuels exhibit similar lift profiles for common energizing commands. A combination of X-ray radiography and Ultra-Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (USAXS) was used to characterize the fuel mass distribution and the droplet sizing, respectively. Tomographic spray radiography revealed the near-nozzle distribution of fuel mass for each of the fuels, and the asymmetry produced by the angled nozzles. Under evaporative conditions, the two fuels show minor differences in peak fuel mass distribution during steady injection, though both exhibit fluctuations in injection during the early, transient phase. US-AXS measurements of the path-specific surface area of the spray indicated lower peak values for the more evaporative conditions in the near nozzle region. These spray measurements portray the specific behavior of real fuel blends under a variety of conditions, illustrating the need to examine multi-component fuels to better understand relevant cases. Furthermore, this work furnishes the realistic boundary values for simulations to appropriately predict the sprays which were experimentally measured, and influenced by those realistic conditions.

X-Ray Characterization of Real Fuel Sprays for Gasoline Direct Injection

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Brandon Sforzo ◽  
Aniket Tekawade ◽  
Alan L. Kastengren ◽  
Yuanjiang Pei ◽  
Anqi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Fuel Mass ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Valve Motion

Abstract The effects of fuel blend properties on spray and injector performance has been investigated in a side-mount injector for Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) using two certification fuel blends, Euro 5 and Euro 6. Several X-ray diagnostic techniques were conducted to characterize the injector and spray morphology. Detailed internal geometry of the GDI injector was resolved to 1.8 micrometers, through the use of hard X-ray tomography. The geometry characterization of this six-hole GDI, side mount injector, quantifies relevant hole and counterbore dimensions and reveals the intricate details within the flow passages, including surface roughness and micron-sized features. Internal valve motion was measured with a temporal resolution of 20 microseconds and a spatial resolution of 2.0 micrometers, for three injection pressures and several injector energizing strategies. The needle motion for both fuels exhibit similar lift profiles for common energizing commands. A combination of X-ray radiography and Ultra-Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (USAXS) was used to characterize the fuel mass distribution and the droplet sizing, respectively. Tomographic spray radiography revealed the near-nozzle distribution of fuel mass for each of the fuels, and the asymmetry produced by the angled nozzles. Under evaporative conditions, the two fuels show minor differences in peak fuel mass distribution during steady injection, though both exhibit fluctuations in injection during the early, transient phase. USAXS measurements of the path-specific surface area of the spray indicated lower peak values for the more evaporative conditions in the near nozzle region.

X-Ray Characterization of Real Fuel Sprays for Gasoline Direct Injection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Sforzo ◽  
Aniket Tekawade ◽  
Alan Kastengren ◽  
Kamel Fezzaa ◽  
Jan Ilavsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fuel Sprays

scholarly journals A study on the relationship between internal nozzle geometry and injected mass distribution of eight ECN Spray G nozzles.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna E Matusik ◽  
Daniel J Duke ◽  
Nicholas Sovis ◽  
Andrew B Swantek ◽  
Christopher F Powell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Distribution ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Argonne National Laboratory ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Nozzle Geometry ◽  
Hole Density ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Length Scales ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Relationship

Gasoline direct injection (GDI) nozzles are manufactured to meet geometric specifications with length scales onthe order of a few hundred microns. The machining tolerances of these nominal dimensions are not always knowndue to the difficulty in accurately measuring such small length scales in a nonintrusive fashion. To gain insight intothe variability of the machined dimensions as well as any effects that this variability may have on the fuel spraybehavior, a series of measurements of the internal geometry and fuel mass distribution were performed on a set ofeight nominally duplicate GDI “Spray G” nozzles provided by the Engine Combustion Network. The key dimensionsof each of the eight nozzle holes were measured with micron resolution using full spectrum x-ray tomographicimaging at the 7-BM beamline of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. Fuel densitydistributions at 2 mm downstream of the nozzle tips were obtained by performing x-ray radiography measurementsfor many lines of sight. The density measurements reveal nozzle-to-nozzle as well as hole-to-hole density variations.The combination of high-resolution geometry and fuel distribution datasets allows spray phenomena to be linked tospecific geometric characteristics of the nozzle, such as variability in the hole lengths and counterbore diameters,and the hole inlet corner radii. This analysis provides important insight into which geometrical characteristics ofthe nozzles may have the greatest importance in the development of the injected sprays, and to what degreethese geometric variations might account for the total spray variability. The goal of this work is then to further theunderstanding of the relationship between internal nozzle geometry and fuel injection, provide input to improvecomputational models, and ultimately aid in optimizing injector design for higher fuel efficiency and lower emissionsengines.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4766

scholarly journals X-ray Micro-Tomography as a Method to Distinguish and Characterize Natural and Cultivated Pearls

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Luisa Vigorelli ◽  
Elisabetta Croce ◽  
Debora Angelici ◽  
Raffaella Navone ◽  
Sabrina Grassini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Heritage Studies ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Micro Tomography ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
Tomographic Analysis ◽  
Private Collections

Digital radiography and computed tomography are two fundamental diagnostic techniques in different fields of research, including cultural heritage studies and gemmology. The application of these physical methods of investigation has gained considerable importance as they are non-invasive techniques. The presented work has been mainly focused on micro-tomographic analysis. The project is concerned with the study of natural and cultivated pearls in order to develop an investigation methodology for the analysis, distinction and characterization of different types of pearls, some of them belonging to different precious jewels from private collections. The investigations, carried out on a total of 22 heterogeneous types of pearls, allowed us to establish their origin (natural or cultivated) or to confirm/deny if a hypothesis was already expressed, and as well to highlight the cultivation methodology used case by case. Furthermore, it was possible to ascertain how large and varied the market for cultured pearls is nowadays and how difficult is, in some particular cases, to ascertain their attribution to a certain origin.

scholarly journals Potential of Ceria-Zirconia-Based Materials in Carbon Soot Oxidation for Gasoline Particulate Filters

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 768
Author(s):  
Eleonora Aneggi ◽  
Alessandro Trovarelli
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Vacancies ◽  
Mixed Oxides ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Soot Oxidation ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Carbon Soot

ZrO2 and Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 mixed oxides were prepared and tested in the oxidation of carbon soot at different oxygen partial pressures and degrees of catalyst/soot contact to investigate their activity under typical gasoline direct injection (GDI) operating conditions. Under reductive atmospheres, generation of oxygen vacancies occurs in Ce0.8Zr0.2O2, while no reduction is observed on ZrO2. Both materials can oxidize carbon under high oxygen partial pressures; however, at low oxygen partial pressures, the presence of carbon can contribute to the reduction of the catalyst and formation of oxygen vacancies, which can then be used for soot oxidation, increasing the overall performance. This mechanism is more efficient in Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 than ZrO2, and depends heavily on the interaction and the degree of contact between soot and catalyst. Thus, the ability to form oxygen vacancies at lower temperatures is particularly helpful to oxidize soot at low oxygen partial pressures, and with higher CO2 selectivity under conditions typically found in GDI engine exhaust gases.

scholarly journals Predicting Cycle-to-Cycle Variation With Concurrent Cycles in a Gasoline Direct Injected Engine With Large Eddy Simulations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Probst ◽  
Sameera Wijeyakulasuriya ◽  
Eric Pomraning ◽  
Janardhan Kodavasal ◽  
Riccardo Scarcelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Cycle Variation ◽  
Spark Timing ◽  
Large Eddy ◽  
Operating Points

High cycle-to-cycle variation (CCV) is detrimental to engine performance, as it leads to poor combustion and high noise and vibration. In this work, CCV in a gasoline engine is studied using large eddy simulation (LES). The engine chosen as the basis of this work is a single-cylinder gasoline direct injection (GDI) research engine. Two stoichiometric part-load engine operating points (6 BMEP, 2000 RPM) were evaluated: a non-dilute (0% EGR) case and a dilute (18% EGR) case. The experimental data for both operating conditions had 500 cycles. The measured CCV in IMEP was 1.40% for the non-dilute case and 7.78% for the dilute case. To estimate CCV from simulation, perturbed concurrent cycles of engine simulations were compared to consecutively obtained engine cycles. The motivation behind this is that running consecutive cycles to estimate CCV is quite time-consuming. For example, running 100 consecutive cycles requires 2–3 months (on a typical cluster), however, by running concurrently one can potentially run all 100 cycles at the same time and reduce the overall turnaround time for 100 cycles to the time taken for a single cycle (2 days). The goal of this paper is to statistically determine if concurrent cycles, with a perturbation applied to each individual cycle at the start, can be representative of consecutively obtained cycles and accurately estimate CCV. 100 cycles were run for each case to obtain statistically valid results. The concurrent cycles began at different timings before the combustion event, with the motivation to identify the closest time before spark to minimize the run time. Only a single combustion cycle was run for each concurrent case. The calculated standard deviation of peak pressure and coefficient of variance (COV) of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) were compared between the consecutive and concurrent methods to quantify CCV. It was found that the concurrent method could be used to predict CCV with either a velocity or numerical perturbation. A large and small velocity perturbation were compared and both produced correct predictions, implying that the type of perturbation is not important to yield a valid realization. Starting the simulation too close to the combustion event, at intake valve close (IVC) or at spark timing, under-predicted the CCV. When concurrent simulations were initiated during or before the intake even, at start of injection (SOI) or earlier, distinct and valid realizations were obtained to accurately predict CCV for both operating points. By simulating CCV with concurrent cycles, the required wall clock time can be reduced from 2–3 months to 1–2 days. Additionally, the required core-hours can be reduced up to 41%, since only a portion of each cycle needs to be simulated.

Full-bore crank-angle resolved imaging of combustion in a four-stroke gasoline direct injection engine

2007 ◽  
Vol 221 (10) ◽  
pp. 1305-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Ma ◽  
S Marshall ◽  
R Stevens ◽  
R Stone
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Light Sheet ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Piston Crown ◽  
Soot Loading ◽  
Particle Imaging

The conventional Bowditch piston arrangement in an optical access engine limits the field of view to about half the bore area. By using a transparent crown (with a flat top) and incorporating a concave surface into the underside of the piston, then the piston crown acts as a diverging lens. Appropriate choice of the radius of curvature and the piston crown thickness provides an image of the full bore. There is of course optical distortion in the image but, since the piston position is known for each image, then it is comparatively simple to reconstruct undistorted images and videos. As an illustration of the technique, results are presented here for flame front tracking, and estimates of the combustion temperature and soot loading by a colour ratio pyrometry technique. This full-bore imaging technique is also applicable to many other optical diagnostic techniques. For a motored engine with particle imaging velocimetry and an optical cylinder liner, then the light sheet could enter either through the piston to illuminate a vertical plane or through the cylinder liner and be imaged through the piston. The choice of laser-based combustion diagnostic techniques would be limited by the transmission range of the piston window.

scholarly journals Experimental Characterization of Flat-Spray Injector for Gasoline Direct-Injection Engines

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (697) ◽  
pp. 2433-2440
Author(s):  
Ayumu MIYAJIMA ◽  
Yoshio OKAMOTO ◽  
Yuzo KADOMUKAI ◽  
Mineo KASHIWAYA ◽  
Hiromasa KUBO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Experimental Characterization ◽  
Direct Injection Engines

Combustion Ionization for Detection of Misfire, Knock, and Sporadic Preignition in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Ayad ◽  
Swapnil Sharma ◽  
Rohan Verma ◽  
Naeim Henein
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Transducer ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Ion Current ◽  
Fuel Injector ◽  
Direct Injection Engine ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection Engine ◽  
Spark Plug ◽  
Knock Sensor

Detection of combustion-related phenomena such as misfire, knock, and sporadic preignition is very important for the development of electronic controls needed for the gasoline direct injection engines to meet the production goals in power, fuel economy, and low emissions. This paper applies several types of combustion ionization sensors, and a pressure transducer that directly senses the in-cylinder combustion, and the knock sensor which is an accelerometer that detects the impact of combustion on engine structure vibration. Experimental investigations were conducted on a turbocharged four-cylinder gasoline direct injection engine under operating conditions that produce the above phenomena. One of the cylinders is instrumented with a piezo quartz pressure transducer, MSFI (multi-sensing fuel injector), a stand-alone ion current probe, and a spark plug applied to act as an ion current sensor. A comparison is made between the capabilities of the pressure transducer, ion current sensors, and the knock sensor in detecting the above phenomena. The signals from in-cylinder combustion sensors give more accurate information about combustion than the knock sensor. As far as the feasibility and cost of their application in production vehicles, the spark plug sensor and MSFI appear to be the most favorable, followed by the stand-alone mounted sensor which is an addition to the engine.

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