X-Ray Characterization of Real Fuel Sprays for Gasoline Direct Injection

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Brandon Sforzo ◽  
Aniket Tekawade ◽  
Alan L. Kastengren ◽  
Yuanjiang Pei ◽  
Anqi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Fuel Mass ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Valve Motion

Abstract The effects of fuel blend properties on spray and injector performance has been investigated in a side-mount injector for Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) using two certification fuel blends, Euro 5 and Euro 6. Several X-ray diagnostic techniques were conducted to characterize the injector and spray morphology. Detailed internal geometry of the GDI injector was resolved to 1.8 micrometers, through the use of hard X-ray tomography. The geometry characterization of this six-hole GDI, side mount injector, quantifies relevant hole and counterbore dimensions and reveals the intricate details within the flow passages, including surface roughness and micron-sized features. Internal valve motion was measured with a temporal resolution of 20 microseconds and a spatial resolution of 2.0 micrometers, for three injection pressures and several injector energizing strategies. The needle motion for both fuels exhibit similar lift profiles for common energizing commands. A combination of X-ray radiography and Ultra-Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (USAXS) was used to characterize the fuel mass distribution and the droplet sizing, respectively. Tomographic spray radiography revealed the near-nozzle distribution of fuel mass for each of the fuels, and the asymmetry produced by the angled nozzles. Under evaporative conditions, the two fuels show minor differences in peak fuel mass distribution during steady injection, though both exhibit fluctuations in injection during the early, transient phase. USAXS measurements of the path-specific surface area of the spray indicated lower peak values for the more evaporative conditions in the near nozzle region.

X-Ray Characterization of Real Fuel Sprays for Gasoline Direct Injection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon A. Sforzo ◽  
Aniket Tekawade ◽  
Alan L. Kastengren ◽  
Kamel Fezzaa ◽  
Jan Ilavsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Fuel Mass ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fuel Blends

Abstract The effects of fuel blend properties on spray and injector performance has been investigated for several operating conditions in a side-mount injector for Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) using two certification fuel blends, Euro 5 and Euro 6. Several X-ray diagnostic techniques were conducted to characterize the injector and spray morphology. Detailed internal geometry of the GDI injector was measured with a feature-resolution of 1.8 micrometers, through the use of hard X-ray tomography. The geometry characterization of this six-hole GDI, side mount injector, quantifies relevant hole and counterbore dimensions and reveals the intricate details within the flow passages, including surface roughness and micron-sized features. Internal valve motion was measured with a temporal resolution of 20 microseconds and a spatial resolution of 2.0 micrometers, for three injection pressures and several injector energizing strategies. The needle motion for both fuels exhibit similar lift profiles for common energizing commands. A combination of X-ray radiography and Ultra-Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (USAXS) was used to characterize the fuel mass distribution and the droplet sizing, respectively. Tomographic spray radiography revealed the near-nozzle distribution of fuel mass for each of the fuels, and the asymmetry produced by the angled nozzles. Under evaporative conditions, the two fuels show minor differences in peak fuel mass distribution during steady injection, though both exhibit fluctuations in injection during the early, transient phase. US-AXS measurements of the path-specific surface area of the spray indicated lower peak values for the more evaporative conditions in the near nozzle region. These spray measurements portray the specific behavior of real fuel blends under a variety of conditions, illustrating the need to examine multi-component fuels to better understand relevant cases. Furthermore, this work furnishes the realistic boundary values for simulations to appropriately predict the sprays which were experimentally measured, and influenced by those realistic conditions.

X-Ray Characterization of Real Fuel Sprays for Gasoline Direct Injection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Sforzo ◽  
Aniket Tekawade ◽  
Alan Kastengren ◽  
Kamel Fezzaa ◽  
Jan Ilavsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fuel Sprays

scholarly journals A study on the relationship between internal nozzle geometry and injected mass distribution of eight ECN Spray G nozzles.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna E Matusik ◽  
Daniel J Duke ◽  
Nicholas Sovis ◽  
Andrew B Swantek ◽  
Christopher F Powell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Distribution ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Argonne National Laboratory ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Nozzle Geometry ◽  
Hole Density ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Length Scales ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Relationship

Gasoline direct injection (GDI) nozzles are manufactured to meet geometric specifications with length scales onthe order of a few hundred microns. The machining tolerances of these nominal dimensions are not always knowndue to the difficulty in accurately measuring such small length scales in a nonintrusive fashion. To gain insight intothe variability of the machined dimensions as well as any effects that this variability may have on the fuel spraybehavior, a series of measurements of the internal geometry and fuel mass distribution were performed on a set ofeight nominally duplicate GDI “Spray G” nozzles provided by the Engine Combustion Network. The key dimensionsof each of the eight nozzle holes were measured with micron resolution using full spectrum x-ray tomographicimaging at the 7-BM beamline of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. Fuel densitydistributions at 2 mm downstream of the nozzle tips were obtained by performing x-ray radiography measurementsfor many lines of sight. The density measurements reveal nozzle-to-nozzle as well as hole-to-hole density variations.The combination of high-resolution geometry and fuel distribution datasets allows spray phenomena to be linked tospecific geometric characteristics of the nozzle, such as variability in the hole lengths and counterbore diameters,and the hole inlet corner radii. This analysis provides important insight into which geometrical characteristics ofthe nozzles may have the greatest importance in the development of the injected sprays, and to what degreethese geometric variations might account for the total spray variability. The goal of this work is then to further theunderstanding of the relationship between internal nozzle geometry and fuel injection, provide input to improvecomputational models, and ultimately aid in optimizing injector design for higher fuel efficiency and lower emissionsengines.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4766

scholarly journals X-ray Micro-Tomography as a Method to Distinguish and Characterize Natural and Cultivated Pearls

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Luisa Vigorelli ◽  
Elisabetta Croce ◽  
Debora Angelici ◽  
Raffaella Navone ◽  
Sabrina Grassini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Heritage Studies ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Micro Tomography ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
Tomographic Analysis ◽  
Private Collections

Digital radiography and computed tomography are two fundamental diagnostic techniques in different fields of research, including cultural heritage studies and gemmology. The application of these physical methods of investigation has gained considerable importance as they are non-invasive techniques. The presented work has been mainly focused on micro-tomographic analysis. The project is concerned with the study of natural and cultivated pearls in order to develop an investigation methodology for the analysis, distinction and characterization of different types of pearls, some of them belonging to different precious jewels from private collections. The investigations, carried out on a total of 22 heterogeneous types of pearls, allowed us to establish their origin (natural or cultivated) or to confirm/deny if a hypothesis was already expressed, and as well to highlight the cultivation methodology used case by case. Furthermore, it was possible to ascertain how large and varied the market for cultured pearls is nowadays and how difficult is, in some particular cases, to ascertain their attribution to a certain origin.

Full-bore crank-angle resolved imaging of combustion in a four-stroke gasoline direct injection engine

2007 ◽  
Vol 221 (10) ◽  
pp. 1305-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Ma ◽  
S Marshall ◽  
R Stevens ◽  
R Stone
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Light Sheet ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Piston Crown ◽  
Soot Loading ◽  
Particle Imaging

The conventional Bowditch piston arrangement in an optical access engine limits the field of view to about half the bore area. By using a transparent crown (with a flat top) and incorporating a concave surface into the underside of the piston, then the piston crown acts as a diverging lens. Appropriate choice of the radius of curvature and the piston crown thickness provides an image of the full bore. There is of course optical distortion in the image but, since the piston position is known for each image, then it is comparatively simple to reconstruct undistorted images and videos. As an illustration of the technique, results are presented here for flame front tracking, and estimates of the combustion temperature and soot loading by a colour ratio pyrometry technique. This full-bore imaging technique is also applicable to many other optical diagnostic techniques. For a motored engine with particle imaging velocimetry and an optical cylinder liner, then the light sheet could enter either through the piston to illuminate a vertical plane or through the cylinder liner and be imaged through the piston. The choice of laser-based combustion diagnostic techniques would be limited by the transmission range of the piston window.

scholarly journals Experimental Characterization of Flat-Spray Injector for Gasoline Direct-Injection Engines

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (697) ◽  
pp. 2433-2440
Author(s):  
Ayumu MIYAJIMA ◽  
Yoshio OKAMOTO ◽  
Yuzo KADOMUKAI ◽  
Mineo KASHIWAYA ◽  
Hiromasa KUBO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Experimental Characterization ◽  
Direct Injection Engines

Simulations of Multi-Mode Combustion Regimes Realizable in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayop Kim ◽  
Riccardo Scarcelli ◽  
Yunchao Wu ◽  
Johannes Rohwer ◽  
Ashish Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Mode ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Flow Property ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Combustion Model ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Combustion Dynamics ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Multi Mode

Abstract Lean and dilute gasoline compression ignition (GCI) operation in spark ignition (SI) engines are an attractive strategy to attain high fuel efficiency and low NOx levels. However, this combustion mode is often limited to low-load engine conditions due to the challenges associated with autoignition controllability. In order to overcome this constrain, multi-mode (MM) operating strategies, consisting of advanced compression ignition (ACI) at low load and conventional SI at high load, have been proposed. In this 3-D CFD study the concept of multi-mode combustion using two RON98 gasoline fuel blends (Co-Optima Alkylate and E30) in a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine were explored. To this end, a new reduced mechanism for simulating the kinetics of E30 fuel blend is introduced in this study. To cover the varying engine load demands for multi-mode engines, primary combustion dynamics observed in ACI and SI combustion modes was characterized and validated against experimental measurements. In order to implement part-load conditions, a strategy of mode-transition between SI and ACI combustion (i.e., mixed-mode combustion) was then explored numerically by creating a virtual test condition. The results obtained from the mixed-mode simulations highlight an important feature that deflagrative flame propagation regime coexists with ignition-assisted end-gas autoignition. This study also identifies a role of turbulent flow property adjacent to premixed flame front in characterizing the mixed-mode combustion. The employed hybrid combustion model was verified to perform simulations aiming at suitable range of multi-mode engine operations.

Influence of fuel injection strategies on efficiency and particulate emissions of gasoline and ethanol blends in a turbocharged multi-cylinder direct injection engine

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ripudaman Singh ◽  
Taehoon Han ◽  
Mohammad Fatouraie ◽  
Andrew Mansfield ◽  
Margaret Wooldridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Multiple Injection ◽  
Fuel Mass ◽  
Direct Injection Engine ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Ethanol Blends ◽  
Injection Strategies

The effects of a broad range of fuel injection strategies on thermal efficiency and engine-out emissions (CO, total hydrocarbons, NOx and particulate number) were studied for gasoline and ethanol fuel blends. A state-of-the-art production multi-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine equipped with piezoelectric injectors was used to study fuels and fueling strategies not previously considered in the literature. A large parametric space was considered including up to four fuel injection events with variable injection timing and variable fuel mass in each injection event. Fuel blends of E30 (30% by volume ethanol) and E85 (85% by volume ethanol) were compared with baseline E0 (reference grade gasoline). The engine was operated over a range of loads with intake manifold absolute pressure from 800 to 1200 mbar. A combined application of ethanol blends with a multiple injection strategy yielded considerable improvement in engine-out particulate and gaseous emissions while maintaining or slightly improving engine brake thermal efficiency. The weighted injection spread parameter defined in this study, combined with the weighted center of injection timing defined in the previous literature, was found well suited to characterize multiple injection strategies, including the effects of the number of injections, fuel mass in each injection and the dwell time between injections.

scholarly journals Investigation on Blending Effects of Gasoline Fuel with N-Butanol, DMF, and Ethanol on the Fuel Consumption and Harmful Emissions in a GDI Vehicle

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifeng Liu ◽  
Xichang Wang ◽  
Diping Zhang ◽  
Fang Dong ◽  
Xinlu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Transient State ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oxygenated Fuel

The effects of three kinds of oxygenated fuel blends—i.e., ethanol-gasoline, n-butanol-gasoline, and 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF)-gasoline-on fuel consumption, emissions, and acceleration performance were investigated in a passenger car with a chassis dynamometer. The engine mounted in the vehicle was a four-cylinder, four-stroke, turbocharging gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine with a displacement of 1.395 L. The test fuels include ethanol-gasoline, n-butanol-gasoline, and DMF-gasoline with four blending ratios of 20%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, and pure gasoline was also tested for comparison. The original contribution of this article is to systemically study the steady-state, transient-state, cold-start, and acceleration performance of the tested fuels under a wide range of blending ratios, especially at high blending ratios. It provides new insight and knowledge of the emission alleviation technique in terms of tailoring the biofuels in GDI turbocharged engines. The results of our works showed that operation with ethanol–gasoline, n-butanol–gasoline, and DMF–gasoline at high blending ratios could be realized in the GDI vehicle without any modification to its engine and the control system at the steady state. At steady-state operation, as compared with pure gasoline, the results indicated that blending n-butanol could reduce CO2, CO, total hydrocarbon (THC), and NOX emissions, which were also decreased by employing a higher blending ratio of n-butanol. However, a high fraction of n-butanol increased the volumetric fuel consumption, and so did the DMF–gasoline and ethanol–gasoline blends. A large fraction of DMF reduced THC emissions, but increased CO2 and NOX emissions. Blending n-butanol can improve the equivalent fuel consumption. Moreover, the particle number (PN) emissions were significantly decreased when using the high blending ratios of the three kinds of oxygenated fuels. According to the results of the New European Drive Cycle (NEDC) cycle, blending 20% of n-butanol with gasoline decreased CO2 emissions by 5.7% compared with pure gasoline and simultaneously reduced CO, THC, NOX emissions, while blending ethanol only reduced NOX emissions. PN and particulate matter (PM) emissions decreased significantly in all stages of the NEDC cycle with the oxygenated fuel blends; the highest reduction ratio in PN was 72.87% upon blending 20% ethanol at the NEDC cycle. The high proportion of n-butanol and DMF improved the acceleration performance of the vehicle.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document