Strategy of Management of the Radioactive Waste for an Emerging Country and International Co-Operation: Example of Tunisia

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mourad Chalbi ◽  
Lotfi Ghedira ◽  
Samir Allal
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Essential Contribution ◽  
Processing And Storage ◽  
Social Applications

Abstract It is a striking and happy reality today at the same time, marked universally: What it is agreed to call the nuclear controversy is remained circumscribed with nuclear energy and rather confined with the industrialized countries. The other economic and social applications of the nuclear techniques experience a very important development all over the world and which has to continue. The countries of intermediate socio-economic level do not escape this report. And even if these countries have, generally, slightly resorted to nuclear energy, the World Energy Conference (the USA, 1999) provides that nuclear energy will know in the court - medium term a rise in the emerging countries which will come to compensate for its relative retreat in the industrialized countries. There is consequently a number unceasingly crescent of “small producers” of radioactive waste particularly in the emerging countries but, unfortunately, this waste is not dealt with in a rigorous and exhaustive way, generating a potential serious threat engraves for the people and the environment. The analysis of this situation, from the case of Tunisia, reveals the following cause: miss of infrastructures, qualified personnel, financial means and impossibility of coping with these difficulties without international co-operation there. In this communication we propose a strategy, on a 20 years horizon of management of the radioactive waste for Tunisia taking account of the means of the country and the essential contribution of the co-operation. We make share in this respect already committed experiment of the three-way co-operation Tunisia - IAEA - Belgium. The strategy that we propose articulates on the following points: 1. Definition of the long-term objectives and the principles; 2. The institutional and regular project; 3. The inventory of the radioactive waste; 4. The planning of the formation; 5. The project of a pilot unit for waste processing and storage; 6. The question of the evacuation; The above actions are evoked in interference with the role of the international co-operation.

Work environment characteristics that satisfy principals in China, Germany and the USA

2021 ◽  
pp. 174549992110185
Author(s):  
Chuang Wang ◽  
Dawson R Hancock ◽  
Ulrich Müller
Keyword(s):  
School Leadership ◽  
School Leaders ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Effective School ◽  
Formidable Challenge ◽  
Effective School Leadership ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Survey Responses

Effective school leadership is crucial to a school’s success. Yet throughout the world, attracting and retaining qualified school leaders is often a formidable challenge. To discern ways in which we may recruit and retain competent school leaders, this study compares the extent to which principals in three industrialized countries, China, Germany and the USA, value the characteristics of their positions as principals. Survey responses of principals in these three countries reveal many factors that gratify and some factors that disappoint principals about their work environments. Comparing the similarities and differences of the principals’ responses in these countries provides insights into ways in which we may learn from each other about the factors that influence the recruitment and retention of qualified principals.

scholarly journals The Prediction of the Lifetime of the COVID-19 Virus using Parameter-dependent New Mathematical Models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.SELVAKUMAR . .
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Model C ◽  
Death Count

Abstract This article is about a complex real-world human medical problem that people all over the world face, a major international public Health problem due to the new coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19), a highly communicable infectious disease between humans. Spreads rapidly among humans of both sexes of all ages, in large masses in the cyclical manner(seasonally) causing disease in susceptible human Hosts affecting most of the organs in humans mainly lungs resulting in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome resulting in mass acute deaths. Acute deaths are more common with Comorbidities like Diabetes mellitus, Ischaemic heart disease, Liver disease, Kidney disease, Gut, etc. Now it is the major emergency international pandemic public health medical disease. On the face of the earth, there are large masses of infection and mass acute deaths due to COVID-19 virus infection and so the life of every individual is uncertain at any time. Because of the mass acute deaths from the COVID-19 virus infection, everyone in the world is scared. From now on, it is the responsibility of the researchers of all nations to bring hope to people. In this article, by predicting the lifetime of disease-causing virus, hope to the people is given, to better protect all people and speed up the immediate general pandemic preparedness within the lifespan of the virus. To accelerate actions to save people's lives, mathematical models will help make public health decisions and reduce mortality using the resources available during this time of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, to better protect people from disease preparedness for the virus and a general pandemic by predicting the lifetime of the disease-causing coronavirus, three new mathematical models which are dependent on parameters are proposed. The parameters in the model function model uncertainty of death due to the present international real-life problem caused by different strains of the COVID-19 virus. The first model is a model with six parameters and the second and third models are models with seven parameters respectively. These three models are the generalization of the three models of Phem . The errors due to the models of this article are minimized from the errors due to the models of Phem. These three models can predict the acute death count outside the data period and can predict the lifetime. To illustrate the applicability of the models a big data set of size 54 days starting from February 29, 2020, to April 22, 2020, of acute death counts of USA( United States of America) is considered. The main focus is on the USA due to the significant large mass of infection and large mass of acute death from the COVID-19 virus. As a result, everyone's life is uncertain about death at any time. Since it is a major international public health-related medical problem in humans, with an accuracy of 95% of confidence the results using three models are erected. The large mass of acute deaths due to the number of COVID-19 virus infections in the USA are fitted by the model functions of three mathematical models and a solution is found to an international problem. Based on the acute death rate, the lifetime of the COVID-19 virus is estimated to be 1484.76198616309920 days from the first day of acute death, February 29, 2020. In other words, there will be no mass acute deaths from the COVID-19 virus in the USA after April 2024 if the nation follows the guidelines of the WHO(World Health Organization) and the recommendations of the pathogen. And when the people and the government are very well prepared for this crisis then the spread of infection can be prevented, the people and government can be saved from the economic crisis, and many lives can be saved from mass acute deaths. A comparative study of all models is presented for different measures of errors. The acute death count of the USA outside the date of the data set of 54 days is predicted using three models. The data set misses some counts during the collection of data and it is identified. From the ratio of standard deviation and average acute deaths, it is predicted that the total acute death counts during 54 days will be 62,969. Using the standard deviation around the line of regression it is shown that in the data set a large count is missing during the collection of data of USA. Using the coefficient of determination it is predicted that the Model-C, provides 100% of fitness with the given data set and only 0.0% variation. All three models are suitable to fit the data set of acute death counts of the USA, but Model-C is the best and optimal among the three models. Tt is predicted from Model-A, Model-B, and Model-C the total acute death counts during 54 days will be 66537, 67085, and 68523 respectively. Since Model-C is the best and optimal model, the predicted total acute death counts during 54 days will be 68523. Finally, this article suggests various steps to help control the spread and severity of the new disease. The prediction of the lifetime and data count missing in the data set presented in this research article is entirely new and differs totally from all other articles in the literature. To accelerate actions to save people's lives, mathematical models will help make public health decisions and reduce mortality using the resources available during this time of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Teledemocracy

2011 ◽  
pp. 489-496
Author(s):  
Ted Becker
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
General Public ◽  
Representative Democracy ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
To Come

Up until very recent times in Western political philosophy, theory, science, and discourse, the words predominantly used to describe the democratic pole of Aristotle’s political continuum were direct democracy, indirect democracy, social democracy, and, in Aristotelian terms, republic or representative democracy. The latter half of the 20th century, however, saw dramatic changes in democracy around the world in its spread, variation in form, and in the use of the word. In fact, there have been a number of books in recent years that have discussed a wide array of models or degrees of democracy (Held, 1996; Sartori, 1987). Phrases such as participatory democracy, managed democracy, strong democracy (Barber, 1984), and semidirect democracy (Toffler & Toffler, 1994) are just some of the clusters of terms now used to define particular kinds of democracy that exist or are theorized to be better forms of it. Also, as the 20th century drew toward a close, there was a virtual consensus among Western political scientists that a potentially dangerous schism has grown between the citizens of both representative and social democracies and their governing elites. Indicators of such are public-opinion polls that manifest an increasing discontent with the political class and politicians (usually termed alienation) and a general decline in voter turnout (albeit with occasional upticks). Most of this dissatisfaction with, or alienation from, various forms of representative democracy is considered to be due to the growth of the influence of those who lavish large sums of money on the public’s representatives in these political systems. Another widely perceived cause of this gap between the people and their governments is the inertia of bloated, entrenched bureaucracies and their failure to acknowledge the wishes of the general public in policy implementation. Both of these phenomena seem to be present in all modern, industrialized, representative democracies, and they even seem to become manifest in the youngest, least industrialized countries as well. For example, in the fall of 2004, Cerkez-Robinson (2004) reported that the turnout in the Bosnian national election had fallen precipitously because most Bosnians are tired of repeated fruitless elections. As this complex problem in modern representative democracies seems to have become systemic, a potential technological solution has also come upon the scene. This involves the previously unimaginable proliferation of information and communications technologies of the late 20th century and early 21st century. This new and rich mixture of rapid, electronic, interactive communications has been seen by many political thinkers and actors as an excellent medium by which to close the gap between the people of representative democracies and their elected and administrative officials. This has led to a plethora of new adjectives and letters to prefix the word democracy, each referring to some theoretical or experimentally tested improvement in the present and future forms and practices of both direct and/or indirect democracy using ICTs. Thus, in the past decade or so of reinventing government (Osborne & Gaebler, 1992), we have come to learn of such new ideas and ideals of democracy as electronic democracy (or e-democracy), digital democracy, cyberdemocracy, e-government, and teledemocracy (Becker, 1981; this listing is far from exhaustive.) Taken together, they demonstrate that the future of democracy around the world is in flux, that there is a broadly perceived need by those in and outside government for some changes that will ultimately benefit the general public in various aspects of governance, and that these new technologies are seen by many as part of the solution. As alluded to above, there are numerous experiments and projects along these lines that have been completed, many are in progress, and there are multitudes to come that probably will be a part of any such transformation in the future of democracy on this planet.

La situazione dell'energia nucleare nel mondo: un quadro di sintesi

2009 ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
Maurizio Cumo
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Fuel Cycle ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Reactor Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Generation Costs ◽  
Jel Classifications

- This article gives an overview of the situation of nuclear power in the world and analyzes the problems of this source of energy from different points of view: the generation costs, fuel cycle, particularly with regard to the resources of uranium and radioactive waste, and the programs of technological development of new reactors.Key words: Nuclear energy, generation costs, uranium resources, radioactive waste, new reactor technology.JEL classifications: L94 Q40 Q31

scholarly journals The world after September 11, 2001: Challenges to the churches, and their leaders

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-607
Author(s):  
M. Dandala
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
September 11 ◽  
Church Leaders ◽  
Methodist Church ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
University Of Pretoria ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
American Nation

Bishop Mvume Dandala, presiding bishop of the Methodist Church in South Africa and extra-ordinary professor in the Faculty of Theology, University of Pretoria, was asked to lead an international delegation of Church leaders to the USA in the wake of September 11, 2001. In his article he tells about the experience of church leaders from a number of countries that suffered trauma and violence in the past, pastoring to leaders and congregant’s in the USA, after the tragic events that shook the American nation. He reflects on the different challenges to Churches and their leaders, that await us in a time of trouble and tribulation: (i) to strive for universal peace; (ii) for churches to find a common voice in their struggle against injustices; and (iii) to communicate the imperatives of the gospel meaningfully to the people of the world.

Managing the Performance of Highly Mobile Skilled Individuals in Hi-Tech Firms

2012 ◽  
pp. 167-184
Author(s):  
Samarendra Kumar Mohanty ◽  
P. ArunPrasad
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
Skilled Workforce ◽  
Research Propositions

The change in business terrain is accelerated by globalization, which has opened many avenues of growth. To survive in this environment, the organization requires alignment of its strategic goals and available human resources. The need is to manage the performance of the employee, who is the most important resource of the organization. The focus has now shifted to the highly skilled workforce in order to leverage technology. This chapter highlights the studies conducted on the factors affecting the people in the workplace. While some researchers have defined what it means to be a skilled employee, other researchers have provided their views on the inequity, identity, compensation, meaning of work and international policy and approach of various countries for workers. This study also came across various aspects of migration of skilled workers studied by number of researchers. The current research provides solutions in the form of requisites to improve performance of skilled employees, which will be especially useful to multinational corporations operating in the hi-tech sector. The validity of the factors can be judged from the research conducted across the continents that includes major industrialized countries in the world. It looked into the work practices followed in these countries. The chapter provides research propositions based on the literature reviewed.

Policy and Law Relating to Radioactive Waste: International Direction and Human Rights

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
International Policy ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

The anticipated doubling of world demand for electricity over the next fifty years requires that the gift of nuclear energy that has served developed nations over the past half century must not be abandoned. However, the absence of a clear and unequivocal policy regarding the storage and disposal of radioactive waste is seen by a significant section of the public as a threat to their rights and the non-existence of dedicated regulation of radioactive waste based on law has become an obstacle to the development of nuclear energy in Europe and the USA. A European survey of public opinion carried out at the request of the European Commission revealed that three-quarters of the respondents to sixteen thousand interviews believed that ‘all radioactive waste is very dangerous’. The public perception of threat has been fostered by the general lack of appreciation of the cautious system of radiation protection that has evolved from scientific observation and prediction of the risk of cancer from exposure to low level radiation. The concept of collective dose based on the system of radiation protection and applied to accident scenarios with remote possibilities, but in the absence of scientific assessment of the balance afforded by the pragmatism that man applies to everyday risks including the risk of cancer from the ever-present background of natural radiation, has added a measure of dread to the public sense of threat. That dread has been exacerbated by the emergence since September 2001 of the possibility of the use of radioactive waste as a terrorist weapon and for radioactive waste storage facilities to be seen as terrorist targets. International policy has moved from the comprehensive coverage of nuclear regulation with radioactive waste as an integral, but minor player, in the nuclear energy process to particular consideration with radioactive waste requiring specific regulation. This paper identifies the vectors that determine the direction of the policy governing radioactive waste, the moves toward consolidation of international policy separate from the body of existing nuclear law and future direction that will clear the way for a sustained, appropriate use of nuclear energy.

scholarly journals Methods of Thermal Treatment of Radioactive Waste

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
Leon Fuks ◽  
Irena Herdzik-Koniecko ◽  
Katarzyna Kiegiel ◽  
Agnieszka Miskiewicz ◽  
Grazyna Zakrzewska-Koltuniewicz
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Complexing Agents ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
The World ◽  
Thermal Techniques

Throughout the world, and especially in the European Union, numerous technologies for the thermal treatment of radioactive waste are available or being developed. These technologies can be applied to a large range of different radioactive waste streams, including non-standard types of waste that present specific waste management challenges. Thermal treatment can result in a significant reduction in volume and hazard, which are beneficial for safe storage and disposal. Thermal treatment also removes organic material that can form complexing agents and increase the mobility of radionuclides in the landfill. In the paper, basic thermal techniques are presented, and some examples of the installations are shown. Common knowledge of these methods may result in an increased public acceptance of nuclear energy in a country just introducing it, as Poland is.

Participation of Female Computer Science Students in Austria

2011 ◽  
pp. 970-975
Author(s):  
Margit Pohl ◽  
Monika Lanzenberger
Keyword(s):  
Science Education ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Computer Science Education ◽  
Science Students ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Undergraduate Enrollment ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa

The situation of women in computer science education has been a major topic of feminist researchers. It has received widespread attention in many countries all over the world. In general, it can be said that in almost all the countries of the world women are underrepresented in computer science education at university level. This phenomenon is, however, a very complex one. In many industrialized countries, there was a peak in women’s participation in computer science studies in the middle of the 80s of the 20th century. After that, the number of women who studied computer science in these countries decreased again. This development has been discussed, for example, by Behnke and Oechtering (1995) for Germany, by Kirkup (1992) for Great Britain, and by the EECS Women Undergraduate Enrollment Committee (1995) for the USA. In recent years, there is some indication that the percentage of women who choose Computer science at universities is rising again, at least in Germany (Kompetenzzentrum, 2003) and in Austria (Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt, 1971-2001). Apart from that, some cultural differences can be observed. It has been mentioned in several publications that the percentage of Asian women studying computer science is often higher than that of women in Western industrialized countries (Greenhill, von Hellens, Nielsen, & Pringle, 1997). In the following text, we want to discuss possible reasons for the increase in female computer science students in the last years in a few countries. We want to analyze the reasons for this increase. Detailed information about the motivation of women who study computer science at universities should be helpful in formulating strategies to overcome the under-representation of women in this area. Such strategies should take differences between countries into account. Case studies for single countries could provide relevant information in this context. The following text describes the situation in Austria.

Teledemocracy

2011 ◽  
pp. 1519-1523
Author(s):  
T. Becker
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
General Public ◽  
Representative Democracy ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
To Come

Up until very recent times in Western political philosophy, theory, science, and discourse, the words predominantly used to describe the democratic pole of Aristotle’s political continuum were direct democracy, indirect democracy, social democracy, and, in Aristotelian terms, republic or representative democracy. The latter half of the 20th century, however, saw dramatic changes in democracy around the world in its spread, variation in form, and in the use of the word. In fact, there have been a number of books in recent years that have discussed a wide array of models or degrees of democracy (Held, 1996; Sartori, 1987). Phrases such as participatory democracy, managed democracy, strong democracy (Barber, 1984), and semidirect democracy (Toffler & Toffler, 1994) are just some of the clusters of terms now used to define particular kinds of democracy that exist or are theorized to be better forms of it. Also, as the 20th century drew toward a close, there was a virtual consensus among Western political scientists that a potentially dangerous schism has grown between the citizens of both representative and social democracies and their governing elites. Indicators of such are public-opinion polls that manifest an increasing discontent with the political class and politicians (usually termed alienation) and a general decline in voter turnout (albeit with occasional upticks). Most of this dissatisfaction with, or alienation from, various forms of representative democracy is considered to be due to the growth of the influence of those who lavish large sums of money on the public’s representatives in these political systems. Another widely perceived cause of this gap between the people and their governments is the inertia of bloated, entrenched bureaucracies and their failure to acknowledge the wishes of the general public in policy implementation. Both of these phenomena seem to be present in all modern, industrialized, representative democracies, and they even seem to become manifest in the youngest, least industrialized countries as well. For example, in the fall of 2004, Cerkez-Robinson (2004) reported that the turnout in the Bosnian national election had fallen precipitously because most Bosnians are tired of repeated fruitless elections. As this complex problem in modern representative democracies seems to have become systemic, a potential technological solution has also come upon the scene. This involves the previously unimaginable proliferation of information and communications technologies of the late 20th century and early 21st century. This new and rich mixture of rapid, electronic, interactive communications has been seen by many political thinkers and actors as an excellent medium by which to close the gap between the people of representative democracies and their elected and administrative officials. This has led to a plethora of new adjectives and letters to prefix the word democracy, each referring to some theoretical or experimentally tested improvement in the present and future forms and practices of both direct and/or indirect democracy using ICTs. Thus, in the past decade or so of reinventing government (Osborne & Gaebler, 1992), we have come to learn of such new ideas and ideals of democracy as electronic democracy (or e-democracy), digital democracy, cyberdemocracy, e-government, and teledemocracy (Becker, 1981; this listing is far from exhaustive.) Taken together, they demonstrate that the future of democracy around the world is in flux, that there is a broadly perceived need by those in and outside government for some changes that will ultimately benefit the general public in various aspects of governance, and that these new technologies are seen by many as part of the solution. As alluded to above, there are numerous experiments and projects along these lines that have been completed, many are in progress, and there are multitudes to come that probably will be a part of any such transformation in the future of democracy on this planet.

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