Performance and Emissions of Natural Gas and Hydrogen/Natural Gas Blended Fuels in Spark Ignition Engine

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Anand ◽  
M. R. Ravi ◽  
J. P. Subrahmanyam
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Thermodynamic Simulation ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Si Engine ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Combustion Duration ◽  
Blended Fuel

The basic intent of the present work is to evaluate the potential of using alternative gaseous fuels like compressed natural gas (CNG) and H2/CNG as a spark ignition (SI) engine (lean burn engines) fuel. Computer modeling of internal combustion engine is useful in understanding the complex processes that occur in the combustion chamber. This research deals with quasi-dimensional, two-zone thermodynamic simulation of four-stroke SI engine fueled with CNG and H2/CNG. The fraction of hydrogen in the H2/CNG blend, for simulation was varied from 0–60% by volume. The developed computer model has been used for the prediction of the combustion and emission characteristics of H2/CNG blended fuel in SI engines, which includes the power, thermal efficiency, cylinder pressure-crank angle history, exhaust emissions (NOx and CO), fuel consumption, combustion duration, ignition delay, etc. Predicted results indicate that the presence of hydrogen in H2/CNG blend can improve combustion duration as it has a higher flame speed. There are increases in oxides of nitrogen emissions, but decrease in carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions, when comparing H2/CNG blended fuel to neat CNG. The validity of the model has been carried out by comparing the computed results with experimental data obtained under same engine setup and operating conditions. The results obtained from the theoretical model when compared with those from experimental ones show a good agreement. Also, the effects of the many operating parameters such as equivalence ratio, engine speed, and spark timing have been studied.

scholarly journals Comparing the Potentiality of Propane, Propanol and Octane Fuel Using in SI Engine Based on Energy-Exergy Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 45-53
Author(s):  
Md Mizanuzzaman Mizan
Keyword(s):  
Compression Ratio ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Fundamental Equation ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Si Engine ◽  
Ic Engine ◽  
Single Cylinder

From the beginning of IC engine era, it is trying to improve the performance and efficiency of internal combustion engine. In this study, numerically analysis on combustion of Propane, Propanol and Octane in SI engine have been done thoroughly and presented to assess the potentiality and highlighted the comparison. For this analysis thermodynamic engine cycle model is developed for numerical analysis. Mathematical models considering fundamental equation and empirical relation are implemented in a single cylinder 4 stroke spark ignition engine (system) with the help of FORTRAN 95 to find out heat losses, friction losses, output parameter etc.  Single cylinder four-stroke spark-ignition (SI) engine is considered as system. In this study, different working parameters like 8 and 12 compression ratios with three different rpm 2000, 4000 & 6000 are considered for simulation. This study shows the different comparisons of energy-exergy content (%), as example of exhaust gas 35.08 & 17.82, 37.02 & 19.22, 37.79 & 19.79 for Octane (at compression ratio 8 and 2000, 4000, 6000 rpm) etc., which explains the potentiality content and the potentiality losses in different process like combustion, mixing of gases etc. It also shows for the fuel propane and propanol in similar way with changing different operating conditions. Maximum inside cylinder temperature, 1st law and 2nd law efficiencies were determined for the fuels with respect to different compression ratio and engine speed.

Laminar flame speed correlations for methane, ethane, propane and their mixtures, and natural gas and gasoline for spark-ignition engine simulations

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 951-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Amirante ◽  
Elia Distaso ◽  
Paolo Tamburrano ◽  
Rolf D Reitz
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Laminar Flame ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Flame Speed ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Laminar Flame Speed ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Empirical Correlations

The laminar flame speed plays an important role in spark-ignition engines, as well as in many other combustion applications, such as in designing burners and predicting explosions. For this reason, it has been object of extensive research. Analytical correlations that allow it to be calculated have been developed and are used in engine simulations. They are usually preferred to detailed chemical kinetic models for saving computational time. Therefore, an accurate as possible formulation for such expressions is needed for successful simulations. However, many previous empirical correlations have been based on a limited set of experimental measurements, which have been often carried out over a limited range of operating conditions. Thus, it can result in low accuracy and usability. In this study, measurements of laminar flame speeds obtained by several workers are collected, compared and critically analyzed with the aim to develop more accurate empirical correlations for laminar flame speeds as a function of equivalence ratio and unburned mixture temperature and pressure over a wide range of operating conditions, namely [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The purpose is to provide simple and workable expressions for modeling the laminar flame speed of practical fuels used in spark-ignition engines. Pure compounds, such as methane and propane and binary mixtures of methane/ethane and methane/propane, as well as more complex fuels including natural gas and gasoline, are considered. A comparison with available empirical correlations in the literature is also provided.

Development of the Control and Acquisition System for a Natural-Gas Spark-Ignition Engine Test Bench

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Gasbarro ◽  
Jinlong Liu ◽  
Christopher Ulishney ◽  
Cosmin E. Dumitrescu ◽  
Luca Ambrogi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Acquisition System ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Test ◽  
New Sensors

Abstract Investigations using laboratory test benches are the most common way to find the technological solutions that will increase the efficiency of internal combustion engines and curtail their emissions. In addition, the collected experimental data are used by the CFD community to develop engine models that reduce the time-to-market. This paper describes the steps made to increase the reliability of engine experiments performed in a heavy-duty natural-gas spark-ignition engine test-cell such as the design of the control and data acquisition system based on Modbus TCP communication protocol. Specifically, new sensors and a new dynamometer controller were installed. The operation of the improved test bench was investigated at several operating conditions, with data obtained at both high- and low-sampling rates. The results indicated a stable test bench operation.

A Comparative Study of the Performance of a SI Engine Fuelled by Natural Gas as Alternative Fuel by Thermodynamic Simulation

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrnoosh Dashti ◽  
Ali Asghar Hamidi ◽  
Ali Asghar Mozafari
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Thermodynamic Simulation ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Si Engine

With the declining energy resources and increase of pollutant emissions, a great deal of efforts has been focused on the development of alternatives for fossil fuels. One of the promising alternative fuels to gasoline in the internal combustion engine is natural gas [1–5]. The application of natural gas in current internal combustion engines is realistic due to its many benefits. The higher thermal efficiency due to the higher octane value and lower exhaust emissions including CO2 as a result of the lower carbon to hydrogen ratio of the fuel are the two important feature of using CNG as an alternative fuel. It is well known that computer simulation codes are valuable economically as a cost effective tool for design and analysis of the engine operations. In the present work the use of an exiting spark ignition engine to run on both gasoline and CNG is evaluated by thermodynamic simulation of the engine cycle. The stepwise calculations for pressure and temperature of the cylinder at compression process, ignition delay time, combustion and expansion processes have been considered. The first law of thermodynamics is applied for all steps and Newton-Raphson method is used for the numerical solution. Temperature dependent specific heat capacity and as a result specific enthalpy, entropy, internal energy and specific Gibbs functions are calculated in each step. Two zones model for the combustion process simulation has been used and the mass burning rate is predicted by considering the propagation of the flame front spherically. The performance characteristics including power, IMEP, ISFC, thermal efficiency and emissions concentration of SI engine on both gasoline and CNG fuel are determined by the model. In order to validate the model, the results are compared with the corresponding experimental data. It is found that the simulated results show reasonable agreement with the experimental data.

scholarly journals The impact of ignition system damage on the emission of toxic substances in a spark-ignition internal combustion engine

2019 ◽  
Vol 179 (4) ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
Mieczysław DZIUBIŃSKI ◽  
Ewa SIEMIONEK ◽  
Artur DROZD ◽  
Michał ŚCIRKA ◽  
Adam KISZCZAK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Ignition System ◽  
The Impact

The article discusses the impact of ignition system damage on the emission of toxic subcategories in a spark-ignition internal combustion engine. The aim of the work was to develop an analytical model of ignition system diagnostics, test performance and comparative analysis of the results of simulations and experiments. The model developed allows to analyse the basic parameters of the ignition system affecting the content of toxic substances in the exhaust. Experimental tests were carried out using the MAHA MGT5 exhaust gas analyser for four different combustion engines fueled with petrol at various operating conditions. During the tests, the content of toxic substances in the exhaust gas of a properly working engine and the engine working with damage to the ignition system were registered. The tests will be used to assess the impact of the damage of the spark-ignition engine on the emission of individual components of toxic fumes.

Development of a natural gas spark ignition engine for optimum performance

1997 ◽  
Vol 211 (5) ◽  
pp. 361-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Das ◽  
H C Watson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Petrol Engine ◽  
Shape Modification ◽  
Will Emit ◽  
Brake Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Wide Range

A 4 litre displacement, six cylinder, fuel injected petrol engine was modified to natural gas (NG) fuelling. Experimental investigation was carried out with various mixture controls and compression ratios over a wide range of operating conditions. As a strategy for combustion chamber shape modification, the compression ratio was raised with simultaneous enhancement of in-cylinder turbulence through squish motion. A fast burning chamber for the combustion of lean mixtures of natural gas and air was developed. Brake thermal efficiency in excess of 40 per cent and brake torque in excess of the peak base torque with petrol were achieved. The research provides the foundation for the implementation of NG cars that will emit only about 65 per cent of the carbon dioxide (CO2) of their petrol engine counterparts, with the prospect of extending the limited range of NG cars by up to one-third and producing low hydrocarbon (HC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions.

Comparison of Artificial Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic Approaches for the Prediction of In-Cylinder Pressure in a Spark Ignition Engine

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Özgür Solmaz ◽  
Habib Gürbüz ◽  
Mevlüt Karacor
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Pressure Data ◽  
Si Engine ◽  
Artificial Neural

Abstract In first stage, a machine learning (ML) was performed to predict in-cylinder pressure using both fuzzy logic (FL) and artificial neural networks (ANN) depending on the results of experimental studies in a spark ignition (SI) engine. In the ML phase, the experimental in-cylinder pressure data of SI engine was used. SI engine was operated at stoichiometric air–fuel mixture (φ = 1.0) at 1200, 1400, and 1600 rpm engine speeds. Six different ignition timings, ranging from 15 to 45 °CA, were used for each engine speed. Correlations (R2) between data from in-cylinder pressure obtained via FL and ANN models and data form experimental in-cylinder pressure were determined. R2 values over 0.995 were obtained at an ML stage of ANN model for all test conditions of the engine. However, R2 values were remained between range of 0.820–0.949 with the FL model for different engine speeds and ignition timings. In the second stage, in-cylinder pressure prediction was performed by using an ANN model for engine operating conditions where no experimental results were obtained. Furthermore, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) values were calculated by predicting in-cylinder pressure data for different engine operation conditions, and then compared with experimental IMEP values. The results show that the in-cylinder pressure and IMEP results estimated with the trained ANN model are fairly close to the experimental results. Moreover, it was found that using the trained ANN model, the ignition timing corresponding to the maximum brake torque (MBT) used in the engine management systems and engine studies could be determined with high accuracy.

Optimization of Design and Operational Parameters Using Genetic Algorithm for a Spark Ignition Engine With CNG/H2 Mixtures

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Anand ◽  
R. Balamurugan
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Si Engine ◽  
Engine Efficiency ◽  
Wide Range

The present contribution describes the potential of using gaseous fuels like Hythane (CNG/H2 mixtures) as a spark ignition (SI) engine fuel. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the design and operational parameters of a CNG/H2 fueled spark ignition engine for maximizing the engine efficiency subjected to NOx emission constraint. This research deals with quasi-dimensional, two-zone thermodynamic simulation of four-stroke SI engine fueled with CNG/H2 blended fuel for the prediction of the combustion and emission characteristics. The validity of the model has been carried out by comparing the computed results with experimental data obtained under same engine setup and operating conditions. A wide range of engine parameters were optimized using a simple GA regarding both engine efficiency and NOx emissions. The five parameters chosen were compression ratio, engine speed, equivalence ratio, H2 fraction in the fuel, and spark plug position in cylinder head. The amount of NOx emissions was being kept under the constrained value of 750 ppm (< 5 g/kWh), which is less than permissible limit for heavy-duty engines.

An Experimental Study of the Combustion Process in a Natural-Gas Spark-Ignition Engine

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinlong Liu ◽  
Cosmin E. Dumitrescu ◽  
Hemanth Bommisetty
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Intake Manifold ◽  
Spark Timing

Abstract The conversion of existing internal combustion engines to natural-gas operation can reduce U.S. dependence on petroleum imports and curtail engine-out emissions. In this study, a diesel engine with a 13.3 compression ratio was modified to natural-gas spark-ignited operation by replacing the original diesel injector with a high-energy spark plug and by fumigating fuel inside the intake manifold. The goal of this research was to investigate the combustion process inside the flat-head and bowl-in-piston chamber of such retrofitted engine when operated at different spark timings, mixture equivalence ratios, and engine speeds. The results indicated that advanced spark timing, a lower equivalence ratio, and a higher speed operation increased the ignition lag and made it more difficult to initiate the combustion process. Further, advanced spark timing, a larger equivalence ratio, and a lower speed operation accelerated the flame propagation process inside the piston bowl and advanced the start of the burn inside the squish. However, such conditions increased the burning duration inside the squish due to more fuel being trapped inside the squish volume and the smaller squish height during combustion. As a result, the end of combustion was almost the same despite the change in the operating conditions. In addition, the reliable ignition, stable combustion, and the lack of knocking showed promise for the application of natural-gas lean-burn spark-ignition operation in the heavy-duty transportation.

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