A Multi-Criteria Simulation Framework for Civil Aircraft Trajectory Optimisation

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Zolata ◽  
Cesar Celis ◽  
Vishal Sethi ◽  
Riti Singh ◽  
David Zammit-Mangion
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Simulation Framework ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
Flight Profile ◽  
Aircraft Trajectory ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trajectory Optimisation

Over the past few years, great concern has been raised about the impact of commercial aviation on the environment. In a Business As Usual approach, the expected growth in air traffic is going to affect climate change even more unless mitigation policies are devised and implemented. Although there is a tendency to focus on long-term technological solutions and breakthroughs, short-term improvements applicable to existing aircraft/engine configurations are also very important to fully realise the benefits of new technologies. Aircraft trajectory optimisation presents the opportunity to effectively reduce fuel consumption and pollutants emitted providing a feasible short-term strategy to be applied to the existing aircraft fleet. The present study focuses on preliminary results obtained using a multi-disciplinary aircraft trajectory optimisation simulation framework. Three in-house computational models are implemented in the framework to model the aircraft and engine performance, as well as to predict the level of gaseous emissions produced. A commercially available optimiser is integrated within the framework to analyse and optimise single flight path elements (e.g., climb), as well as the entire flight profile. For the purpose of this study, the climb and the whole flight profile are divided in four and eight segments respectively. Trajectory optimisation processes are then carried out in order to minimise three different objective functions: flight time, fuel burned, and mass of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emitted. The results of the trajectory optimisation processes performed confirm the validity, effectiveness, and flexibility of the methodology proposed. In future, it is expected that these types of approaches are utilised to efficiently compute complete, optimum and ‘greener’ aircraft trajectories, which help to minimise the impact of commercial aviation on the environment. Other computational models that simulate several other aspects such as aircraft and engine noise, weather conditions and contrails formation, among others, need to be also included in the optimisation processes.

scholarly journals The phantom of technological unemployment

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rostislav Kapeliushnikov
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Technological Unemployment ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Near Future

Nowadays there are many gloomy prophecies provided by both technologists and economists about the detrimental effects of the so-called Fourth Industrial Revolution on aggregate employment and its composition. These prophecies imply that in the near future we will face Robocalypse — a massive replacement of people by machines alongside an explosion in joblessness. This paper provides theoretical, empirical and historical evidence that the phenomenon of technological unemployment is a phantom. The most general results can be summarized as follows: in the long run, reduction in labor demand under the impact of new technologies is merely a theoretical possibility that has never before been realized in practice; at the level of individual firms, there is a strong positive relationship between innovations and employment growth; at the sectoral level, technological changes cause a multidirectional employment response, since different industries are at different stages of the life cycle; at the macro level, technological progress acts as a positive or neutral, but not a negative factor; a surge in technological unemployment, even in the short-term, seems a remote prospect since in coming decades the pace of technological change is unlikely to be fast enough by historical standards; the impact of new technologies on labor supply may be a more serious problem than their impact on labor demand; technological changes seem to have a much greater effect on the composition of employment than on its level.

A modelling and simulation framework for the integrated design of aircraft systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (10) ◽  
pp. 1648-1660 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Cimmino ◽  
SS Ponnusamy ◽  
A Garcia Garriga ◽  
L Mainini
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Integrated Design ◽  
Aircraft Design ◽  
Modelling And Simulation ◽  
System Level ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Simulation Framework ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Development And Validation

New technologies and complex systems are being developed in commercial aviation to meet strict requirements regarding fuel consumption, emissions and noise constraints. This motivates the development of multidisciplinary environments to efficiently manage the increasing complexity of the design process. Under the Clean Sky 2 initiative, the ModellIng and Simulation tools for Systems IntegratiON on Aircraft (MISSION) project aims to develop an integrated framework to holistically support the aircraft design, development and validation processes. Within the MISSION framework, this paper proposes a methodology to handle the integration between the aircraft level and the system level in the early phase of aircraft design. The methodology is demonstrated for the case of the Landing Gear System in the rejected take-off scenario.

Comprehensive Material Characterization for an Intermediate Heat Treatment

2013 ◽  
Vol 549 ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lechner ◽  
Andreas Kuppert ◽  
Marion Merklein
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Process Window ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Intermediate Heat Treatment ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
The Impact

Encouraged by increasing climate regulations there is a trend to lightweight constructions in the transportation sector, particularly in the automotive industry. An auspicious possibility to reduce the weight of the vehicle is the substitution of conventional steel by aluminum alloys. However, aluminum has a low formability and therefore new technologies have to be found in order to enhance the materials spectrum of application. A new strategy to extend the process limit is the short-term aluminum intermediate heat treatment between two forming operations. Key idea is the partial adaption of the mechanical properties with a short term heat treatment. By the interaction of soft and hard areas the material flow during the forming operation can be improved and the formability can be enhanced. Prerequisite for a successful application of the technology and the numerical simulation is a comprehensive knowledge about the interaction of pre-straining and a subsequent short term heat treatment. Within this paper the mechanical properties in dependency of the two parameters will be presented and a process window for the heat treatment after first forming operations will be derived. Moreover, the influence of batch fluctuations and the impact of ageing will be demonstrated.

scholarly journals Crisis and organised control: The COVID-19 pandemic and power of surveillance

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-669
Author(s):  
Olivera Marković-Savić
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
International Solidarity ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
The Impact

In this text, we consider the short term and long-term consequences of the COVID-19 epidemic among people throughout the world. In many societies, as a result of the health danger, governments have intervened by denying basic social and political rights. Because of these changes, economy has experienced a crisis whose effects many compare to the Great Depression of the last century. By dealing with the new problems, many countries have enforced measures of quarantine and closed their borders. The answer to the problems has not shown international solidarity, but state-centrism. The text first discusses what the old anti-epidemic measures brought to modern societies that had to be resorted to in preventing the spread of the epidemic. This is followed by an attempt to predict the possible long-term consequences for the functioning of social structures and government systems. As countries increase control and penetration into the sphere of everyday life of their citizens, in which they are substantially aided by new technologies, this trend can be expected to continue. On the other hand, citizens will lend support with the enforcement of such control in exchange for the sense of security. In the long run, such processes indicate the possibility that countries will emerge stronger from this crisis, although until recently it was thought that they had weakened under the impact of globalization.

Impact of Engine Degradation on Optimum Aircraft Trajectories: Short Range

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Navaratne ◽  
V. Sethi ◽  
C. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Short Range ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Performance Model ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Aircraft Trajectory ◽  
Aircraft Trajectories ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trajectory Optimisation

Abstract This work aims to provide a methodology to enhance the conventional approach of the aircraft trajectory optimisation problem by including engine degradation and real aircraft flight paths within the optimisation framework; thereby the impact of engine degradation on optimum aircraft trajectories were assessed by quantifying the difference in fuel burn and emissions, when flying a trajectory which has been specifically optimised for an aircraft with degraded engines and flying a trajectory which has been optimised for clean engines. For the purpose of this study models of a clean and two degraded engines have been developed based on Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) margin deterioration. Aircraft performance model have been developed for short range aircraft with the capability of simulating vertical and horizontal flight profiles provides by the airlines. An emission prediction model was developed to assess NOx emissions of the mission. In addition, a multidisciplinary aircraft trajectory optimisation framework was developed to analyse short range flight trajectories under three cases. Case_1: Aircraft with clean engines, Case_2 and Case_3 were Aircraft with two levels of degraded engines. Two different multi objective optimisation studies were performed; (1) Fuel burn vs Flight time, and (2) Fuel burn vs NOx emission, Finally optimised trajectories generated with degraded engines were compared with the optimised trajectories generated with clean engines. The results have shown impact of engine degradation on optimum aircraft trajectories are significant and in order to reduce fuel burn and emissions aircraft need to fly on an optimised trajectory customised for the degraded engine performance.

A Newspaper’s Effect on the Strength of Automatic Associations in Memory

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Arendt
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Short Term Effect ◽  
Automatic Associations ◽  
Foreign Nationality ◽  
The Impact

A test was done to see if reading a newspaper which consistently overrepresents foreigners as criminals strengthens the automatic association between foreign country and criminal in memory (i.e., implicit cultivation). Further, an investigation was done to find out if reading articles from the same newspaper produces a short-term effect on the same measure and if (1) emotionalization of the newspaper texts, (2) emotional reactions of the reader (indicated by arousal), and (3) attributed text credibility moderate the short-term treatment effect. Eighty-five participants were assigned to one of three experimental conditions. Participants in the control group received short factual crime texts, where the nationality of the offender was not mentioned. Participants in the factual treatment group received the same texts, but the foreign nationality was mentioned. Participants in the emotionalized treatment group received emotionalized articles (i.e., texts which are high in vividness and frequency) covering the same crimes, with the foreign nationality mentioned. Supporting empirical evidence for implicit cultivation and a short-term effect was found. However, only emotionalized articles produced a short-term effect on the strength of the automatic association, indicating that newspaper texts must have a minimum of stimulus intensity to overcome an effect threshold. There were no moderating effects of arousal or credibility pertaining to the impact on the implicit measure. However, credibility moderated the short-term effect on a first-order judgment (i.e., estimated frequency of foreigners of all criminals). This indicates that a newspaper’s effect on the strength of automatic associations is relatively independent from processes of propositional reasoning.

Is technological change a devourer of jobs?

2017 ◽  
pp. 111-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kapeliushnikov
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Technological Unemployment ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Task Sets ◽  
The Impact

The paper provides a critical analysis of the idea of technological unemployment. The overview of the existing literature on the employment effects of technological change shows that on the micro-level there exists strong and positive relationship between innovations and employment growth in firms; on the sectoral level this correlation becomes ambiguous; on the macro-level the impact of new technologies seems to be positive or neutral. This implies that fears of explosive growth of technological unemployment in the foreseeable future are exaggerated. Our analysis further suggests that new technologies affect mostly the structure of employment rather than its level. Additionally we argue that automation and digitalisation would change mostly task sets within particular occupations rather than distribution of workers by occupations.

Diatoms in the Amur Bay sediments (Sea of Japan) and the impact of typhoons on their accumulation over the last 2000 years

2019 ◽  
pp. 252-256
Author(s):  
Irina A. Prushkovskaya ◽  
Ira B. Tsoy
Keyword(s):  
Sea Of Japan ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Catastrophic Events ◽  
Bromine Content ◽  
Amur Bay ◽  
The Impact

The study of diatoms in the sediments of the Amur Bay (Sea of Japan), formed over the last 2000 years, showed that the sharp short-term drops in the concentration of diatoms coincide with the minima of bromine content, which can be explained by the influence of typhoons or other catastrophic events leading to floods and used later in paleoreconstructions.

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