The toxicokinetics of Bromine in the body of laying hens under conditions of subchronic administration of sodium bromide diet

The aim of the scientific work was to study the toxicokinetics of Bromine in the body of laying hens under conditions of subchronic administration of sodium bromide diet. The subject of the study was the content of bromine in the organs and tissues of laying hens under conditions of subchronic administration of sodium bromide diet. The experiment was on laying hens. Three experimental and one control groups of animals were formed (n=15). The background indicator of the Bromine content in the compound feed was 2.0 mg/kg of feed. An aqueous solution of sodium bromide was added daily to the feed of the experimental groups for 28 days, and the observation of the poultry was continued for the next 14 days. The poultry of the experimental groups received bromine with feed at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg, II – 50.0 mg/kg, III – 250.0 mg/kg of feed. The selection of organs was under conditions of euthanasia of the poultry, by total exsanguination, during inhalation chloroform anesthesia on days 14, 28 and 42 of the experiment, 5 animals per group. The following research methods were used in the work: clinical (daily examination of the poultry), pathological (dissection and sampling of organs for research), toxicological (determination of Bromine content using X-ray fluorescence analysis), statistical (processing of the results was carried out by methods of variation statistics using the Statistica 6.0 software ( StatSoft Inc., USA)). It was found that bromine is absorbed most intensively in the small intestine: on the 28th day of the experiment, its content exceeded the control in group I by 6.5 times, in group II – 22 times, in III – 201.1 times. The study of the content of bromine in the liver, spleen, heart, and brain of three experimental groups testifies to the "material" accumulation of the element. In addition to the digestive tract, the excretion of bromine from the body of laying hens occurred through the kidneys, and possibly with exhaled air. In group III, on the 28th day, its content in the kidneys was 23.1 times higher than the control indicator, and on the 14th day in the lungs, the excess of the control indicator was 27.4 times. The excess of the element was not excreted from the body within 14 days after the cessation of the intake of sodium bromide with food. Key words: Bromine, subchronic intake, laying hens, bromine content in organs, toxicokinetics, sodium bromide.

The quality and safety of eggs obtained from laying hens after their experimental poisoning with sodium bromide

The purpose of this study was to determine the quality and safety of eggs obtained from laying hens after their experimental poisoning with sodium bromide. According to the principle of analogues, three experimental and one control group of laying hens (n = 15) were formed. The background bromine content of the compound feed was 2.0 mg/kg. An aqueous solution of sodium bromide was added daily to the feed of the chickens of the experimental groups for 28 days, followed by the observation of the birds for 14 days without its addition. Chickens of the 1st experimental group received bromine with feed at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg, 2nd — 50.0 mg/kg, 3rd — 250.0 mg/kg of feed. During the experiment, eggs were collected daily, their quality was determined according to the requirements of DSTU 5028:2008 ‘Hen’s Eggs for Human Consumption. Specifications’ and the rules for the veterinary and sanitary examination of poultry eggs. In addition, the bromine content was determined separately in egg white, yolk, and shell. Bromine content was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis. Statistical processing of research results was conducted. Under the conditions of the chronic experiment, clinical manifestations of poisoning in chickens were not observed. No significant deviation from the control group was observed in productivity, egg mass, white to yolk mass ratios, and pH values of yolk and white. However, an uneven distribution of the eggs by category was established. Starting from the 2nd day of the experiment, bromine was excreted in laying hens with egg whites. The maximum value was observed on the 18th–28th days of the experiment: in the 1st experimental group a reliable excess 2.5 times of bromine content relative to the control was observed; in 2nd — 7.2 times, and in 3rd — 26.9 times. Thus, eggs from chickens of all groups conformed to DSTU 5028:2008 and the rules for the veterinary and sanitary examination of poultry eggs. However, the bromine content in the eggs of all experimental groups reliably exceeded the reference value for 28 days when sodium bromide was received with feed. Even 14 days after the experiment, the content of the element reliably exceeded the control value in the eggs of chickens from the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups, which may indicate the ability of bromine to cumulate

Diatoms in the Amur Bay sediments (Sea of Japan) and the impact of typhoons on their accumulation over the last 2000 years

The study of diatoms in the sediments of the Amur Bay (Sea of Japan), formed over the last 2000 years, showed that the sharp short-term drops in the concentration of diatoms coincide with the minima of bromine content, which can be explained by the influence of typhoons or other catastrophic events leading to floods and used later in paleoreconstructions.

Elemental analysis of river, marshes and ground water in Thi Qar region, Iraq

The elemental analysis of the samples collected from marshes water and river water in Thi Qar region of Iraq are done using the X-ray fluorescence technique (XRF). The water samples are collected from Euphrates River, Al- Hammar marshes, ground water and drinking water. The elements observed in various samples are 20Ca, 26Fe, 29Cu, 30Zn, 33As, 35Br and 38Sr. The 20Ca concentration in Euphrates river water constitutes ͂ 2.3% of the left over residue, a value similar to that observed in water from the marshes. The 38Sr concentrations in the Euphrates river water is in the range 2519-5691μg/L. The 38Sr concentrations in Euphrates River are similar to that observed in the marshes water. In Al-Hammar marshes, the concentration of 34As is estimated to be in general below 5 μg/L. The 35Br concentration in various samples collected from Al-Hammar marshes are in the average value =1108 μg/L. The 35Br concentration in various samples collected from Euphrates river are in the average value =676μg/L. The water from Euphrates river is not safe for use for drinking water supply due to high bromine content and the water from the drinking water schemes from the river needs to be monitored for the presence of bromate ions.