Structural Health Monitoring of High Temperature Composites

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Salowitz ◽  
Yu-Hung Li ◽  
Sang-Jong Kim ◽  
Surajit Roy ◽  
Fu-Kuo Chang
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Polymer Matrix Composites ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Baseline Data ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Diagnostic Algorithms

High-temperature polymer-matrix composites (PMCs) are necessary and critical for the development of supersonic aircraft and orbital re-entry vehicles because of the need for light-weight design, high strength-to-weight ratios and high thermal stability in structures. Damage detection is a primary concern in composite structures because they are prone to multiple damage forms that can be hidden within the structure. Damage can include matrix cracking, fiber breakage, and delamination which can be caused by impacts, fatigue, or overloading. To overcome these shortfalls highly damage tolerant structures are employed to improve the safety of structures. Unfortunately this requires additional, potentially unnecessary, structural weight which is detrimental to aerospace structures. Acoustic ultrasound based structural health monitoring (SHM) has demonstrated the ability to overcome these problems by using arrays of Lead Zirconate Titanate piezoelectric transducers typically mounted on a flex circuit all of which is permanently affixed to, or embedded within, a structure [1] [2] [3] [4]. These transducers can excite and detect ultrasonic wave propagation in the structure and diagnostic algorithms, interpreting the signals, have been developed enabling real time inspection for damage. However, modern SHM systems are not capable of surviving the high temperatures experienced in the fabrication and service of High-temperature polymer matrix composites. In particular the Lead Zirconate Titanate piezoelectric elements typically depolarize and lose their functionality at around 200°C [5] [6]. Additionally, current SHM diagnostic algorithms are dependent on baseline data to compare signals to. These signals change with temperature and even just a few degree change can be detrimental to the system’s abilities. The current method for enabling functionality over a range of temperatures is to take numerous sets of baseline data at very high resolution across a range of temperatures. In order to adapt SHM for high temperature composites new piezoelectric materials must be developed capable of surviving elevated fabrication and operational temperatures. Small scale network components must be integrated to reduce detrimental effects of embedding SHM systems within the composite layup [7] [8] [9]. Additionally, methods for reducing the number of baseline data sets in the diagnostic algorithms must be developed. This paper presents development and testing of Bismuth Scandium Lead Titanate piezo ceramic transducers for high temperature SHM. These transducers are incorporated into a stretchable network system and mounted on a glass backing. Functionality is tested using a commercially available data acquisition system designed for SHM and intended for use with PZT transducers. Ongoing development of temperature compensation algorithms is also presented herein.

On the manufacturing, integration, and wiring techniques of in situ piezoelectric devices for the manufacturing and structural health monitoring of polymer–matrix composites: A literature review

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (16) ◽  
pp. 2351-2381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corentin Tuloup ◽  
Walid Harizi ◽  
Zoheir Aboura ◽  
Yann Meyer ◽  
Kamel Khellil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Polymer Matrix Composites ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Structural Health ◽  
Monitoring Applications ◽  
Piezoelectric Devices

This article aims to provide a general overview on what has been achieved recently in the scientific community on the manufacturing, embedding, and wiring techniques of various kinds of piezoelectric devices for manufacturing monitoring and structural health monitoring applications of polymer–matrix composites.

CNT Bucky Paper Enhanced Sandwich Composites for In-Situ Load Sensing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenyuan Luo ◽  
Yingtao Liu ◽  
Mrinal Saha
Keyword(s):  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Polymer Matrix Composites ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Sandwich Composites ◽  
Structural Health ◽  
Load Sensing ◽  
Bucky Paper

The objective of this paper is to develop in-situ structural health monitoring in polymer matrix composites using embedded bucky paper. Bucky paper based sandwich composites has been used for damage and load sensing in aerospace and defense applications due to high electrical conductivity, low density, and outstanding load sensitivity. Recent research focuses on improving mechanical, electrical, thermal properties of certain composites with improved gauge factor for sensing applications. To better understand certainly quantity strain change effects, it is essential to design composite materials and sensors for in-situ and embedded strain monitoring in composites using piezoresistance feedback. In this paper nanocomposite bucky papers are manufactured to monitor the load and damage condition in fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites. We first investigated the fabrication of bucky papers using different nanomaterials. Then the micro-scale morphology and structures are characterized using a scanning electron microscopy. The sensing function is achieved by correlating the piezoresistance variations to the stress or strain applied on the sensing area. Due to the conductive network formed and the tunneling resistance change in neighboring nanoparticles, the electrical resistance is able to show a good correlation with the load conditions. The prepared bucky papers are embedded in composites and the sensing capability is experimentally characterized under three-point bending experiments. The characterized membrane structures have the potential to be further applied to in-situ structural health monitoring and structural state awareness during their entire service lives.

scholarly journals Investigation of creep and fatigue in high temperature polymer matrix composites using a micromechanical approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Sayyidmousavi
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fatigue Failure ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Failure Criterion ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Polymer Matrix Composites ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Strain Evolution ◽  
Micromechanical Approach

Polymer matrix composites (PMC’s) are widely used in critical aerospace structures due to their numerous advantageous mechanical properties. Recently, PMC’s have been considered for high temperature applications where viscoelasticity arising from the time dependent nature of the polymer matrix becomes an important consideration. This inherent viscoelasticity can significantly influence deformation, strength and failure response of these materials under different loading modes and environmental factors. With a potentially large number of plies of different fiber directions and perhaps material properties, determining a fatigue failure criterion of any degree of generality through experiments only, may seem to be an unrealistic task. This difficult situation may be mitigated through the development of suitable theoretical micro or macro mechanical models that are founded on considering the fatigue failure of the constituting laminas. The micro‐approach provides a detailed examination of the individual failure modes in each of the constituent materials i.e. fiber, matrix. In this work, a micromechanical approach is used to study the role of viscoelasticity on the fatigue behavior of polymer matrix composites. In particular, the study examines the interaction of fatigue and creep in polymer matrix composites. The matrix phase is modeled as a vicoelastic material using Schapery’s single integral constitutive equation. Taking viscoelsticity into account allows the study of creep strain evolution during the fatigue loading. The fatigue failure criterion is expressed in terms of the fatigue failure functions of the constituent materials. The micromechanical model is also used to calculate these fatigue failure functions from the knowledge of the S‐N diagrams of the composite material in longitudinal, transverse and shear loadings thus eliminating the need for any further experimentation. Unlike the previous works, the present study can distinguish between the strain evolution due to fatigue and creep. The results can clearly show the contribution made by the effect of viscoelasticity to the total strain evolution during the fatigue life of the specimen. Although the effect of viscoelsticity is found to increase with temperature, its contribution to strain development during fatigue is compromised by the shorter life of the specimen when compared to lower temperatures.

scholarly journals A New Structural Health Monitoring Strategy Based on PZT Sensors and Convolutional Neural Network

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 2955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario de Oliveira ◽  
Andre Monteiro ◽  
Jozue Vieira Filho
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Electromechanical Impedance ◽  
Structural Health

Preliminaries convolutional neural network (CNN) applications have recently emerged in structural health monitoring (SHM) systems focusing mostly on vibration analysis. However, the SHM literature shows clearly that there is a lack of application regarding the combination of PZT-(lead zirconate titanate) based method and CNN. Likewise, applications using CNN along with the electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique applied to SHM systems are rare. To encourage this combination, an innovative SHM solution through the combination of the EMI-PZT and CNN is presented here. To accomplish this, the EMI signature is split into several parts followed by computing the Euclidean distances among them to form a RGB (red, green and blue) frame. As a result, we introduce a dataset formed from the EMI-PZT signals of 720 frames, encompassing a total of four types of structural conditions for each PZT. In a case study, the CNN-based method was experimentally evaluated using three PZTs glued onto an aluminum plate. The results reveal an effective pattern classification; yielding a 100% hit rate which outperforms other SHM approaches. Furthermore, the method needs only a small dataset for training the CNN, providing several advantages for industrial applications.

An experimental study on piezoelectric energy harvesting from wind and ambient structural vibrations for wireless structural health monitoring

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 1010-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveet Kaur ◽  
Dasari Mahesh ◽  
Sreenitya Singamsetty
Keyword(s):  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting ◽  
Structural Vibrations ◽  
Ambient Wind ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Zirconate Titanate

Energy harvesting is an emerging technology holding promise of sustainability amid the alarming rate at which the human community is depleting the natural resources to cater its needs. There are several ways of harvesting energy in a renewable fashion such as through solar, wind, hydro-electric, geothermal, and artificial photosynthesis. This study focuses on energy harvesting from wind vibrations and ambient structural vibrations (such as from rail and road bridges) through piezo transducers using the direct piezoelectric effect. First, the potential of the piezoelectric energy harvesting from ambient wind vibrations has been investigated and presented here. Lead zirconate titanate patches have been attached at the fixed end of aluminum rectangular and trapezoidal cantilevers, which have been exposed to varying wind velocity in a lab-size wind tunnel. The effect of perforations and twisting (distortion) on the power generated by the patches under varying wind velocity has also been studied. It has been observed that the power is comparatively higher in rectangular-shaped cantilever than the trapezoidal one. Perforations and shape distortion showed promising result in terms of higher yield. The laboratory experiments have also been extended to the real-life field condition to measure the actual power generated by the lead zirconate titanate patches under the ambient wind vibrations. Next, energy harvesting from the ambient structural vibrations has been done both experimentally and numerically. Four different prototypes have been considered. The power has been measured across the lead zirconate titanate patches individually and in parallel combination. A maximum power output for Prototype 1 to Prototype 4 has been found to be 4.3428, 11.844, 25.97, and 43.12 µW, respectively. Numerical study has also been carried out in ANSYS 14.5 to perform the parametric study to examine the effect of addition of mass at the free end of cantilever. In a nutshell, this article provides a comprehensive study on the effect of various factors on the amount of energy generated by piezoelectric patches under wind and structural vibrations. The energy generated is sufficient for driving low-power-consuming electronics that can further be used for other applications like wireless structural health monitoring, and so on.

Damage Mechanisms in Polymer Matrix Composites in Extreme Environments

2006 ◽  
Vol 324-325 ◽  
pp. 663-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej S. Kumosa
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Polymer Matrix Composites ◽  
Rocket Engine ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Aerospace Applications ◽  
Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine

In this work, potential problems with the application of polymer matrix composites (PMC) in extreme environments [1] is discussed. Then, two specific examples of the applications of PMCs in high voltage [2-7] and high temperature [8-15] situations are evaluated. The first example deals with damage evolution in high voltage composite insulators [2-7] with PMC rods subjected to a combined action of extreme mechanical, electrical and environmental stresses. These insulators are widely used in transmission line and substation applications around the world. Subsequently, advanced high temperature graphite/polyimide composites [8-15] are evaluated for aerospace applications. The composite investigated in this project were used to manufacture and successfully test a Rocket Based Combined Cycle (RBCC) third-generation, reusable liquid propellant rocket engine, which is one possible engine for a future single-stage-to-orbit vehicle [8].

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