Corrosion Growth and Remnant Life Assessment: How to Pick the Right Approach for Your Pipeline

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Smith ◽  
Cheryl Argent ◽  
Andrew Wilde
Keyword(s):  
Life Assessment ◽  
Inspection Planning ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
Repair Work ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Pipe Joints ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Inspection Data ◽  
The Right

Accurate modelling of future corrosion growth is critical to long term pipeline integrity. A lot has been published within the industry regarding how to accurately determine corrosion growth rates (CGRs) from repeat in-line inspection data but there is limited guidance to support pipeline operators in deciding how to apply CGRs in order to support the development of repair plans and investigate pipeline remnant life. The consequences of significantly under- or overestimating CGRs are high and getting the balance right between the two is not straightforward. Future integrity decisions can be made using maximum, upper bound, or average corrosion rates, and these rates may be calculated for and applied to individual features, pipe joints, or segments. All of the commonly used methods have advantages and disadvantages. In this paper 10 CGR application methods have been applied to 3 onshore pipelines in which 3 inspections were conducted. The methods were compared against each other by reviewing the corrosion growth predictions from the 1st and 2nd inspections with the actual results of the 3rd inspection. The aims of the study were: i. to identify the methods that limit underestimation of corrosion growth but also do not severely overestimate corrosion growth, and ii. to identify which methods are most appropriate for the different future integrity decisions, e.g. repair & re-inspection planning and remnant life estimation. A scoring methodology was developed in order to compare and rank the CGR application methods. The methodology was based on an underestimation score (to identify which methods minimize underestimation) and an overestimation score (to identify which methods limit unnecessary repair work). The scoring method allowed for weightings to be applied to the under- and overestimation scores to take account of how the priorities vary when making different future integrity decisions.

The role of motivation in talent selection and ­development in competitive sport

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Current State ◽  
Talent Selection ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Performance Development ◽  
The Right

The early and long-term development of promising young athletes is a decisive factor in being internationally competitive in top-level sports. Among the multitude of talent criteria suggested in the literature, motivation plays a prominent role in the area of psychological characteristics. It is recognised in practice and research as a relevant criterion for performance development across all sports. This article provides an overview of the current state of talent research in the field of motivation. First, the most common theories of motivation in competitive sports are described, then different measurement methods and their advantages and disadvantages as well as the predictive value of motivation for athletic performance are discussed. Finally, implications for practice are suggested. It can be summarised that motivation in sport is conceptualised and operationalised in different ways and that the decision for the right measurement instrument depends on the goal of the assessment. To get a comprehensive picture of an athlete’s motivational status, it is useful to assess several aspects of motivation through different methods.

The Role of Standards for E-Commerce in Virtual Worlds

2011 ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joerg H. Kloss
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Worlds ◽  
3D Graphics ◽  
Iso Standard ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
3D Environments ◽  
Interactive 3D ◽  
The Right

This chapter discusses the topic of standards for Virtual Worlds with emphasis on their usability as a stable and reliable basis for long-term investments into 3D-E-Commerce. The text explains why standards are important for the success of Virtual Worlds as well as the business in these shared online 3D environments, and what the relevant criteria are to decide for the right technology and/or provider. Although sometimes in the shadow of popular proprietary platforms there are already many different candidates for a Virtual World standard, currently in different states of development. By choosing a 3D platform, E-Commerce providers will decide about their business potential and at the same time strengthen one or another standard in the current technical competition phase. So it is important to get an overview about the current approaches, their advantages and disadvantages as well as the tendencies for the future developments. In this chapter the reader will be sensitized for the issues of standardization, compatibility and interoperability of Virtual Worlds for successful E-Commerce applications. An overview about the current approaches supports the orientation and decision for the different technologies. Some concrete XML-based code examples realized in the international ISO standard for interactive 3D-Graphics X3D demonstrates the practical deployment of highly compatible concepts. An outlook to the further integration of interactive 3D graphics into the Next Generation Web respectively the 3D Internet completes the overview.

Analysis of the concept of «efficiency» and methods for evaluating the effectiveness of enterprises

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-101
Author(s):  
Dmitry I. Zaykin ◽  
Irina V. Kosorukova
Keyword(s):  
Research Result ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Investment Decisions ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Minimal Cost ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Right ◽  
Comparative Description

Relevance. The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of «efficiency», which is a rather complex category of economic science. The essence of this concept is revealed. Today, evaluating the effectiveness of enterprises is a necessary requirement for maintaining and improving their competitiveness, and making the right management decisions. The purpose of the study is to develop a system for evaluating performance that would take into account the results of long-term investment decisions and changes in the external environment of enterprises. The objectives of the study are to analyze the modern interpretation of the concept of «efficiency», analyze approaches to assessing the effectiveness of enterprises and determine practically significant approaches to assessing the effectiveness of enterprises. Research result. The analysis of the studied definitions of the concept of «efficiency» has shown that today there is no single interpretation of this category. Common to all definitions is the idea of efficiency as the ability of the system to achieve the goal with minimal cost. As a result of the study, the systematization of the main approaches and methods for evaluating the efficiency of the state of enterprises was carried out. The article presents a comparative description of methods for evaluating the effectiveness of enterprises, which have their own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, which determines their use in different situations and for different industries. Special attention is paid to modern approaches to assessing the effectiveness of enterprises based on the assessment of strategic efficiency.

scholarly journals Comparison between Ultrasound-guided TIVAD via the right innominate vein and the right internal jugular vein approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingwei Sun ◽  
Xuming Bai ◽  
Jiaofeng Shen ◽  
Ziyang Yu ◽  
Zhixiang Zhuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Internal Jugular Vein ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Perioperative Complications ◽  
Innominate Vein ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right

Abstract Purpose: To compare the efficacy and safety of right internal jugular vein (IJV) approach and right innominate vein (INV) approach for US-guided totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs), and to explore the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches. Methods: Six hundred and nineteen adult patients had long-term infusion and chemotherapy needs and inconvenience of peripheral venous infusion. Right INV approach was used to implant 339 cases of TIVADs, and right IJV approach was used to implant 280 cases of TIVADs. The success rate of one-time catheterization and the incidence of complications in the two groups were retrospectively analyzed. Results: All patients were successfully implanted in TIVAD. The success rates of one-time puncture in INV group and IJV approach group were 98.53% (334/339) and 95.36% (267/280), respectively. There was significant difference between the two groups (P=0.020). The incidence of perioperative complications was 1.18% (4/339) and the long-term complications was 3.54% (12/339) in the right INV group. The incidence of perioperative complications was 1.43% (4/280) and the long-term complications was 3.93% (11/280) in the right INV group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups (P=0.785，P=0.799, respectively). Conclusions: US-guided TIVADs via the right INV approach and the right IJV approach are both safe and reliable. The right INV approach improves the one-time puncture success rate, as long as the technique is properly operated, serious complications rarely occur.

Utilization of Piping Inspection Data for Continuous Improvement: A Methodology to Visualize Coverage and Finding Rates

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Chandima Ratnayake
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Thickness Measurement ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Inspection Planning ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Product And Process ◽  
Inspection Data ◽  
The Right

Piping inspection in Oil and Gas (O&G) production and process facilities (P&PFs) is traditionally set up by dividing the overall piping components into corrosion loops (CLs) reflecting similar corrosion (i.e. corrosion due to chemical or electro-chemical reaction and/or erosion-corrosion) environment and process conditions. Each CL is comprised of a few or several wall thickness measurement locations (WTMLs). The WTMLs are typically identified for each WTML ‘feature’ (e.g. straight section of a spool, bend, tee, weld, end cap, etc.) in a CL. Generally, inspection planning decisions regarding WTMLs are prioritized based on the results of risk based inspection (RBI) analysis. However, the degradation behavior is continuously changing due to the change in product and process conditions during the maturity of O&G production wells. This manuscript illustrates a methodology to visualize inspection coverage and corresponding defect finding rates (DFRs) for different WTML features in a selected sub-system of an oil and gas production and process facility. The suggested methodology aids the visualization of DFRs pertaining to different WTMLs, enabling inspection planners to assign inspection recommendations to the right location at the right time, minimizing ad hoc work. The approach also enables feedback to be provided to the plant inspection strategy (PIS), depending on the corresponding production field and P&PF, whilst reducing the cost of inspection to the asset owner by the minimization of ad hoc inspection recommendations.

scholarly journals Comparison between ultrasound-guided TIVAD via the right innominate vein and the right internal jugular vein approach

BMC Surgery ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingwei Sun ◽  
Xuming Bai ◽  
Jiaofeng Shen ◽  
Ziyang Yu ◽  
Zhixiang Zhuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Internal Jugular Vein ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Perioperative Complications ◽  
Innominate Vein ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background To compare the efficacy and safety of right internal jugular vein (IJV) approach and right innominate vein (INV) approach for US-guided totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs), and to explore the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches. Methods Six hundred and nineteen adult patients had long-term infusion and chemotherapy needs and inconvenience of peripheral venous infusion. Right INV approach was used to implant 339 cases of TIVADs, and right IJV approach was used to implant 280 cases of TIVADs. The success rate of one-time catheterization and the incidence of complications in the two groups were retrospectively analyzed. Results All patients were successfully implanted in TIVAD. The success rates of one-time puncture in INV group and IJV approach group were 98.53% (334/339) and 95.36% (267/280), respectively. There was significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.020). The incidence of perioperative complications and long-term complications in the right INV group were 1.18% (4/339) and 3.54% (12/339), respectively, while those in the right IJV group were 1.43% (4280) and 3.93% (11280). There was no significant difference in the incidence of perioperative or long-term complications between the two groups (P = 0.785, P = 0.799, respectively). Conclusions US-guided TIVADs via the right INV approach and the right IJV approach are both safe and reliable. The right INV approach improves the one-time puncture success rate, as long as the technique is properly operated, serious complications rarely occur.

scholarly journals Comparison between Ultrasound-guided TIVAD via the right innominate vein and the right internal jugular vein approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingwei Sun ◽  
Xuming Bai ◽  
Jiaofeng Shen ◽  
Ziyang Yu ◽  
Zhixiang Zhuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Internal Jugular Vein ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Perioperative Complications ◽  
Innominate Vein ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right

Abstract Purpose: To compare the efficacy and safety of right internal jugular vein (IJV) approach and right innominate vein (INV) approach for US-guided totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs), and to explore the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches. Methods: Six hundred and nineteen adult patients had long-term infusion and chemotherapy needs and inconvenience of peripheral venous infusion. Right INV approach was used to implant 339 cases of TIVADs, and right IJV approach was used to implant 280 cases of TIVADs. The success rate of one-time catheterization and the incidence of complications in the two groups were retrospectively analyzed. Results: All patients were successfully implanted in TIVAD. The success rates of one-time puncture in INV group and IJV approach group were 98.53% (334/339) and 95.36% (267/280), respectively. There was significant difference between the two groups (P=0.020). The incidence of perioperative complications was 1.18% (4/339) and the long-term complications was 3.54% (12/339) in the right INV group. The incidence of perioperative complications was 1.43% (4/280) and the long-term complications was 3.93% (11/280) in the right INV group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups (P=0.785，P=0.799, respectively). Conclusions: US-guided TIVADs via the right INV approach and the right IJV approach are both safe and reliable. The right INV approach improves the one-time puncture success rate, as long as the technique is properly operated, serious complications rarely occur.

scholarly journals DIDACTICAL PRINCIPLES OF CONCEPT FORMATION IN PHYSICS

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
Violeta Šlekienė ◽  
Loreta Ragulienė
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
Physics Teaching ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Condi Tions ◽  
Comprehension Process ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
The Right

Formation of concepts and their correlation with mental activity has been an object of con-cern for philosophers, psychologists and educators. Selecting the most efficient way of con-cept formation, knowledge of various methods, their advantages and disadvantages, condi-tions of their successful application, peculiarities of the comprehension process is necessary. This article deals with the didactical principles of concept formation in physics. The main stages of formation and development concepts of physics have been analysed: a definite sensual perception, distinction of basic general features of the observed objects of a class, abstraction of a concept, specification and consolidation of basic features of concept, defini-tion of relations with other concepts, application of a concept, generalisation and specifica-tion. It has been stated in this article, that the quality of concept formation depends on the ways how the basic features of a concept are detailed and consolidated, relations with other concepts are revealed, how the concept is applied solving tasks of various types, i.e., how the process of concept expansion has been organised. Concept comprehension is not a single act of the definition memorisation but a long-term process. Aiming at pupils’ conscious compre-hension of scientific concepts, their ability to apply them in definite situations it is essential to organise the process of their formation in the right way and to manage it. Teachers should realise, that definition memorising does not mean concept formation, quality of concept comprehension mainly depends on the ways its basic features are being detailed and consoli-dated, correlation with other concepts is being disclosed, the concept is being applied solving the tasks of various character, i.e. how the process of concept expansion is being organised. Key words: physics teaching, concepts formation, didactical principles.

scholarly journals Terapi Controller pada Asma

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-444
Author(s):  
Alexander Kam ◽  
Fauzar Fauzar ◽  
Roza Kurniati ◽  
Zulkarnain Arsyad
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Control ◽  
Asthma Management ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Blood Institute ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
National Heart Lung ◽  
The Right

Asthma, according to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHBLI) in 2002, is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that involves the role of many cells and cellular components. The long-term goals of asthma management are to achieve good symptom control and maintain normal living activities and to minimize the risk of exacerbations, airway obstruction, and side effects. The drugs available for asthma therapy are divided into long-term control or controller medication and rapid-acting or reliever medication based on their pharmacodynamics and clinical effects. Controller is a therapy given to reduce chronic airway inflammation, control symptoms, and reduce the risk of exacerbations and decreased lung function. There are several asthma controller drug options that have their respective advantages and disadvantages. Selection of the right controller will provide good asthma control. Keyword: Ashtma, therapy, controller

scholarly journals Comparison between Ultrasound-guided TIVAD via the right innominate vein and the right internal jugular vein approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingwei Sun ◽  
Xuming Bai ◽  
Jiaofeng Shen ◽  
Ziyang Yu ◽  
Zhixiang Zhuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Internal Jugular Vein ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Perioperative Complications ◽  
Innominate Vein ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right

Abstract Purpose: To compare the efficacy and safety of right internal jugular vein (IJV) approach and right innominate vein (INV) approach for US-guided totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs), and to explore the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches. Methods: Six hundred and nineteen adult patients had long-term infusion and chemotherapy needs and inconvenience of peripheral venous infusion. Right INV approach was used to implant 339 cases of TIVADs, and right IJV approach was used to implant 280 cases of TIVADs. The success rate of one-time catheterization and the incidence of complications in the two groups were retrospectively analyzed. Results: All patients were successfully implanted in TIVAD. The success rates of one-time puncture in INV group and IJV approach group were 98.53% (334/339) and 95.36% (267/280), respectively. There was significant difference between the two groups (P=0.020). The incidence of perioperative complications was 1.18% (4/339) and the long-term complications was 3.54% (12/339) in the right INV group. The incidence of perioperative complications was 1.43% (4/280) and the long-term complications was 3.93% (11/280) in the right INV group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups (P=0.785，P=0.799, respectively). Conclusions: US-guided TIVADs via the right INV approach and the right IJV approach are both safe and reliable. The right INV approach improves the one-time puncture success rate, as long as the technique is properly operated, serious complications rarely occur.

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