Panorama of the Strategy for Managing the Risk Created by the Weather-Related and Outside Force Threat in VIT-Ecopetrol

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Hernán Aristizábal Ceballos ◽  
Julián Fernando Chaves Agudelo
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategy ◽  
Vice President ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Continuous Operation ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Transmission Systems ◽  
Anthropic Impact ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Comprehensive Management ◽  
Social Environmental

The realization of the weather-related and outside force threat has historically caused losses of containment with their subsequent social, environmental, economic and image consequences for Ecopetrol. The zones in which these phenomena occur are characterized by the interaction of transmission systems with an environment that is complex in its topographical, geological-geomorphological and climatic conditions, and because of the anthropic impact of changes in land use. In Ecopetrol’s office of the Vice-president for Transportation Logistics (VIT-Ecopetrol), a threat management strategy has been proposed that seeks to minimize the vulnerability of the pipelines to processes that can impact on operating efficiency or that, because of their degree of complexity, require comprehensive management in order to guarantee operation at tolerable levels of risk. This article presents a panorama of the work performed with regard to the validation of the threat and risk levels of the assets, the internal analyses performed by geotechnical professionals for formulating the plans for the management of assets and the accompaniment of such in order to achieve the continuous operation of the transmission systems.

scholarly journals Engineering Design of Bird Fauna of Water Spills in Kazalinsk

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.7) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
N. S. Sikhanova ◽  
I. I. Rakhimov
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Design ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Wetland Birds ◽  
Bird Monitoring ◽  
Bird Fauna ◽  
The Government ◽  
Social Environmental

Preservation of biodiversity (interspecific, intraspecific) is one of the urgent tasks that requires a systematic, comprehensive, scientifically based approach. Engineering design of the bird life area, includes modeling, packaging the area and its effects on environment. For this purpose we design the procedure by finite element method for biological life of bird. A vivid example of restoration and preservation of biological diversity of fauna and flora should be considered the implementation of the environmental project "Regulation of the riverbed of the Syrdarya and the Northern Aral Sea”. The project was initiated by well-known Russian and Kazakh scientists with the support of the government of Kazakhstan and world financial institutions. The aim of the project is the construction of new and reconstruction of existing hydrological structures. The result of this project, among other things (improving the economic, social, environmental situation) is the restoration of biological diversity. The process of recovery is gradual, depends on many external factors and requires detailed study, scientific justification for individual periods and phases. Bird fauna is considered conservative enough in the choice of habitats and is an indicator of the restoration of biodiversity. This paper is devoted to keeping track of bird in the water spills of the Baskara canal (the main left-bank channel of the Syrdarya river) in the eastern part of the Kazalinsky district (Kazakhstan's Aral Sea area). During the surveys, 13 species of birds were recorded, which are representatives of 8 orders. The most part (77%) of registered birds belongs to the limnophilic group - the wetland birds.  Impoverished species composition is due to the climatic conditions of the accounting year, the lack of sufficient shelter, the isolation of the water body. Systematic, all-season bird monitoring is required. 

Investigations on the Cotton Bollworm, Heliothis armigera, Hübn. (obsoleta, Fabr.)

1939 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Heliothis Armigera ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Continuous Operation ◽  
Food Plant ◽  
Cotton Bollworm ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Quantitative Survey ◽  
Cotton Pest

Methods for the quantitative survey of the incidence of Heliothis armigera have been in continuous operation in the Barberton area of the Eastern Transvaal from 1929 to the present; since 1933 the Survey was operated similarly in Swaziland and Northern Natal.It was accepted early that the bollworm situation in cotton, which primarily it was desired to ameliorate, depends largely upon the influences exerted by other food-crops of the insect grown prior to and in association with cotton, and the investigations were instituted with a view to acquiring the fullest information on the incidence, habits and reactions of H. armigera with respect to the chain of cultivated and natural food-plant situations existing under differing climatic conditions in the course of the year.The present paper is the first of a series communicating the results of investigations which proceed in various directions from information supplied by the Cotton Pest Survey centred upon Barberton. The paper deals with the annual course of bollworm incidence as indicated, in the first instance, by egg counts taken twice-weekly, year by year, in examples of all food-plant situations according to methods of sampling and calculation devised here.

scholarly journals Determination and Application of Maximum Efficiency Curve of Crawler Electric Tractor Motors

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jing Liu ◽  
Changgao Xia ◽  
Donglin Jiang ◽  
Gaogao Shang ◽  
Jiangyi Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Continuous Operation ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Drive Control ◽  
Full Charge

With the excessive use of fossil fuels such as oil, the energy crisis and environmental pollution have become important problems related to people’s livelihoods. In agriculture, as a new type of green agricultural machinery, the electric tractor has the advantages of high energy utilization and no exhaust emission. The motor is the core component of an electric tractor’s drive system. Its characteristics and control directly affect a tractor’s operating efficiency, operating quality, and energy consumption. A motor drive control scheme based on a characteristic curve at the maximum efficiency of an electric motor was adopted to address the problems of low motor power utilization and short continuous operation time on a full charge in electric tractors. By leveraging methods to obtain characteristic curves at the lowest fuel consumption for gasoline engines, we determined the characteristic curve at the maximum efficiency for a motor in a crawler-type electric tractor. Plowing is the most basic form of tractor operation, and it represents the agricultural work that accounts for most of a tractor’s use. A field test was conducted on the drive control in plowing operation based on the curve, and the energy consumed to plow each m2, continuous plowing operation time on a full charge, and operating efficiency were tested. The test results showed plowing power consumption per m2 of about 8.40 × 10−3 kWh and work efficiency of 707.07 m2/h. Compared with the traditional tractor, the cost of plowing 1 m2 by the crawler-type electric tractor was reduced by 20.3%–32.5%. Because the control improves operating efficiency, battery energy consumption is reduced and continuous operation time is extended; hence, the control achieves its purpose.

scholarly journals Lessepsian fish invasion in Mediterranean marine protected areas: a risk assessment under climate change scenarios

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 388-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
M D’Amen ◽  
E Azzurro
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Invasive Fishes ◽  
Levantine Sea

Abstract Mediterranean marine protected areas (MPAs), designed to achieve long-term nature conservation, are progressively conquered by invasive species of tropical origin, posing novel challenges for managers and policymakers of the 21st century. In this study, we assessed the vulnerability of 142 coastal Mediterranean MPAs to nine of the most invasive fishes under current and future climatic conditions. We predicted invasive species’ habitat suitability using an ensemble modelling approach, calibrating models on the entire distribution of the species. We categorized three risk levels for Mediterranean MPAs, based on the assumption that more suitable habitat conditions make protected areas more prone to invasion. Future projections forecasted an increase of suitable areas for all considered species in the Mediterranean basin. In the Levantine Sea, almost all MPAs are at high risk of invasion by the considered species both in the current and future scenarios. MPAs located in the other Mediterranean sectors have currently a low suitability for most invasive species, but their risk level will increase overall by 2050, especially in the South Adriatic Sea and off South Western Italy. By identifying spatial priorities in a global change context, we fill critical information gaps on the vulnerability of MPAs to the future expansion of warm-water invaders.

scholarly journals On the Comparison of 2- and 4-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle Layouts with Central Motors and Single- and 2-Speed Transmission Systems

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano De Pinto ◽  
Pablo Camocardi ◽  
Christoforos Chatzikomis ◽  
Aldo Sorniotti ◽  
Francesco Bottiglione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Transmission Systems ◽  
Torque Distribution ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Wheel Drive ◽  
Road Friction ◽  
Optimization Routine

Electric vehicles (EVs) are characterized by a significant variety of possible powertrain configurations, ranging from one to four electric machines, which can have an on-board or in-wheel layout. Multiple models of production EVs have recently been introduced on the market, with 4-wheel-drive (4WD) architectures based on a central motor within each axle, connected to the wheels through a gearbox, a differential, and half-shafts. In parallel, an important body of research and industrial demonstrations have covered the topic of 2-speed transmission systems for EVs, with the target of enhancing longitudinal acceleration and gradeability performance, while increasing the operating efficiency of the electric powertrain. Although several recent studies compare different electric powertrain architectures, to the best of the authors’ knowledge the literature misses a comparison between 2-wheel-drive (2WD) and 4WD configurations for the same EV, from the viewpoint of drivability and energy consumption. This paper targets this gap, by assessing 2WD and 4WD powertrain layouts with central motors, for a case study light passenger car for urban mobility, including consideration of the effect of single- and 2-speed transmission systems. An optimization routine is used to calculate the energy-efficient gear state and/or torque distribution for each considered configuration. For the specific EV, the results highlight the favourable trade-off of the single-speed 4WD layout, capable of reducing the energy consumption during driving cycles by approximately 9% with respect to the conventional 2WD layout with single-speed transmission, while providing satisfactory drivability and good gradeability, especially in low tire–road friction conditions.

scholarly journals Perspectives of the Solid Waste Management in Moscow

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-87
Author(s):  
Olga Kudryavtseva ◽  
Maria Solodova ◽  
Darya Korenevskaya ◽  
Roza Kutubaeva ◽  
Anna Tishkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Comprehensive Management ◽  
Msw Management ◽  
Waste Management Policy ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Policy Measures

Solid waste management has become an issue of increasing global concern as urban population continues to rise and consumption patterns change. The paper accesses policy measures undertaken to overcome municipal waste crisis in Moscow. New waste management policy lacks sustainability due to prevalence of landfilling and combustion as well as extensive waste export. The article presents a brief description of the MSW management system in Moscow and proposes a comprehensive management strategy, which is based on the involvement of the participants in relations connected with MSW in the process of processing at all stages of the life cycle of the waste.

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