Reproductive performance and transcriptome analyses of Tetranychus urticae when feeding on bean leaves and an artificial diet

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1272-1283
Author(s):  
Yongjuan He ◽  
Jiale Lv ◽  
Endong Wang ◽  
Xuenong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Detoxification Enzymes ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Transcriptome Analyses ◽  
Bean Leaves

As an important pest, Tetranychus urticae fed on thousands of host plants and showed strong capability in host adaptation. However, hardly any success artificial diet has been developed for it. In this study, we compared adult longevity and reproduction of T. urticae that fed on its natural food (bean leaves) and an artificial diet with leaf extracts added, and tried to investigate the reason why the artificial diet was inefficient through transcriptome analyses. Mean adult longevity and cumulative fecundities of T. urticae was reduced by 53.4% and 93.8%, respectively. Transcriptome analyses showed that 1731 genes were differentially expressed comparing individuals fed with the artificial diet and with their natural food, among which most (77.1%) were down regulated. No significant induced expression of xenobiotic transporters and detoxification enzymes were observed when T. urticae were fed with the artificial diet. In contrast, differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in digestive related terms, especially in lipid metabolism related pathways, with most genes down regulated. Our results indicated the significance in further investigating lipid demand and metabolism of T. urticae to improve its mass rearing techniques.

A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR MASS-REARING THE ONION MAGGOT (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) ON AN ARTIFICIAL DIET

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 1554-1558 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Allen ◽  
W. L. Askew
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Cellulose Powder ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Wheat Embryo ◽  
Onion Maggot ◽  
Hylemya Antiqua ◽  
Yeast Hydrolysate

AbstractA gelatine-based diet for rearing the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), that contains sucrose, evaporated milk, yeast hydrolysate, wheat embryo, cellulose powder, n-propyl disulfide, water, and antibiotics is described. Three consecutive generations reared on this medium were equal in puparial weights, percentages of pupation, adult emergence, and egg hatch, to those reared on onion bulbs. The procedure is simple and two man-hours per week is sufficient for producing 1000 maggots daily.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analyses identify five transcription factors differentially expressed in the hypothalamus of post- versus prepubertal Brahman heifers1

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (9) ◽  
pp. 3693-3702 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. S. Fortes ◽  
L. T. Nguyen ◽  
M. M. D. C. A. Weller ◽  
A. Cánovas ◽  
A. Islas-Trejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Transcriptome Analyses

scholarly journals Comparison of Body Composition and Fatty Acid Profiles between Wild and Cultured Rio Grande Silvery Minnows

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madison S. Powell ◽  
Ronald W. Hardy ◽  
Alison M. Hutson ◽  
Louie A. Toya ◽  
Douglas Tave
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Supplementary Feed

Abstract Federally endangered Rio Grande Silvery Minnows (RGSM; Hybognathus amarus) were raised in one of three culture regimes: intensively, with only a hatchery diet; semi-intensively with access to natural food and hatchery diet supplementation; and with only natural food available at the Los Lunas Silvery Minnow Refugium (Los Lunas, New Mexico), a naturalized conservation refugium designed to mimic the natural environment of the RGSM in the Rio Grande. The project compared each culture regime and assessed differences and similarities in lipid and fatty acid content between feeding an artificial diet and consumption of natural food items in this species. After 117 d, whole-body lipid levels and fatty acid profiles were measured in each group and compared with values for wild RGSM. Fish fed the hatchery diet exclusively or as supplementary feed had significantly higher percent lipid (15.5% ± 0.5% and 10.6% ± 0.1%, respectively) than fish raised without access to the diet. Both groups had significantly higher percent lipid than fish raised in the refugium or wild fish (8.3% ± 0.1% and 7.8% ± 0.2%, respectively). Condition factor differed among groups and was highest in fish fed the hatchery diet (1.00) followed by fish supplemented with the hatchery diet (0.93), refugium fish (0.91), and wild fish (0.90). In this respect, refugium fish appeared more similar to wild fish than fish fed the hatchery diet or offered the diet as a supplement. Comparison of fatty acid profiles among groups showed marked differences among wild fish, refugium fish, and those fed the hatchery diet, either exclusively or as supplementary feed. Total omega-3 fatty acids, expressed as percentage of total fatty acids, were highest in wild fish but similar among other groups. Total omega-6 fatty acids showed an opposite trend, with five to nine times higher percentages of linoleic acid observed among fish from the three culture regimes compared with wild fish. Significant differences in lipid content and fatty acid composition between wild RGSM and cultured silvery minnows reflected their respective diets and culture regimes. Given similarities in fat content and condition factor with wild RGSM, we conclude that fish in the refugium do not require supplemental feeding with an artificial diet for this type of naturalized conservation management. Results from this study show that RGSM readily forage on natural food items present and also artificial feed when available, indicating dietary plasticity, which is advantageous for fish culture and future recovery.

Biological responses of Tetranychus urticae to five pepper cultivars at two phenological stages of host plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samira Khodayari ◽  
Maryam Hashemian Shalilvand
Keyword(s):  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Intrinsic Rate ◽  
Intrinsic Rate Of Increase ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Important Pest

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is an important pest of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Control of this pest is usually dependent on chemical pesticides. The use of resistant plant cultivars in conjugation with other control tactics generates more effective and long lasting results in management of many pests. In this study we used two-sex life table to evaluate the performance of T. urticae on five pepper cultivars (11983, ES4, Hashemi, Mahali and USL) before and after blooming of host plants. The results showed that the immature time, adult longevity and fecundity differed significantly among cultivars. Before blooming on 11983, the values for the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and the finite rate of increase (λ) were 0.0645 and 1.066 day-1 respectively, which were significantly the lowest; the highest r and λ values was recorded on ES4 which were 0.1347 and 1.144 day-1 respectively. After blooming there was no significant difference in these values among cultivars except for Mahali in which these values were significantly the highest (0.0751 and 1.078 day-1 respectively). Comparing between the phenological stages of host plants (before and after blooming) indicated that after blooming all of the tested pepper cultivars were more resistant to T. urticae. In summary, among the different cultivars tested, the most suitable was ES4 and the least suitable was 11983 before blooming of host plants. After blooming the suitability of host plants changed and decreased significantly.

scholarly journals Mass-rearing of the Onion and Seed-corn Flies, Hylemya antiqua and H. platura (Diptera : Anthomyiidae), on an Artificial Diet with Antibiotics

1983 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukio ISHIKAWA ◽  
Atsushi MOCHIZUKI ◽  
Toshiaki IKESHOJI ◽  
Yoshiharu MATSUMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Hylemya Antiqua ◽  
Seed Corn

scholarly journals The Effect of Strain and Rearing Medium on the Chemical Composition, Fatty Acid Profile and Carotenoid Content in Silkworm (Bombyx mori) Pupae

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Chieco ◽  
Lucia Morrone ◽  
Giampaolo Bertazza ◽  
Silvia Cappellozza ◽  
Alessio Saviane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Mulberry Leaves ◽  
Silkworm Pupae ◽  
Golden Yellow ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Feeding Substrate ◽  
Nutritive Composition

The overexploitation of fishmeal and soy for the feedstuff industry has provided an opportunity to employ insects as an unconventional and more environmental friendly protein source. The evaluation of the nutritive properties of different insect species has consequently become a priority. The present study compares the pupal nutritive composition of two silkworm strains (White Cocoon Polyhybrid and Golden Yellow Cocoon Nistari) fed on two different rearing media (fresh mulberry leaves and a commercial artificial diet). Our results provide evidence that the composition of the feeding substrate strongly influences the fat and protein content of silkworm pupae. The two tested strains had higher fat and lower protein contents when fed with silkworm natural food (mulberry leaves) with respect to the commercial artificial diet. The analysis also showed that the n3/n6 ratio was affected almost exclusively by the feed substrate factor. On the contrary, the carotenoid content in pupae was specifically determined by the strain. The study identifies the interesting opportunity offered by silkworm pupae, which are usually a waste product of the silk-reeling process, to be used as alternative animal protein sources in a fully-closed circular production.

The effects of Spiromesifen on life history traits and demographic parameters of predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and its prey Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1512-1525
Author(s):  
Niloufar Sangak Sani Bozhgani1 ◽  
Katayoon Kheradmand ◽  
Aliasghar Talebi
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Predatory Mite ◽  
Neoseiulus Californicus ◽  
Intrinsic Rate Of Increase ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Demographic Parameters ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Estimating sublethal effects of acaricides on phytoseiid mites and their prey as a reliable approach in predicting the acaricides impacts is mandatory for IPM programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of spiromesifen on life history traits and demographic parameters of the offspring of Neoseiulus californicus and Tetranychus urticae under laboratory conditions [25 ± 2ºC, 70 ± 5% RH and 16:8 (L:D) h]. The experiments were conducted based on the leaf-dip technique. The crude data were analysed based on age-stage, two-sex life table analysis. The pre-adult and adult longevity of both sexes significantly reduced for N. califonicus and T. urticae with the concentration enhancing from LC20 to LC35. In addition, the oviposition period for both species significantly decreased as a consequence of treatment with LC25 and LC35 of spiromesifen. The minimal values of the total fecundity for N. califonicus and T. urticae were 16.58 and 19.35 (offspring/individual), respectively, which was related to LC35 concentration. Further, the lowest values of R0 and GRR of N. califonicus and its prey were 48.88 and 31.14 (offspring/individual) in LC35, respectively. However, the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) were not significantly influenced by sublethal concentration in N. californicus while the r and λ were significantly reduced in T. urticae treated by LC20, LC25 and LC35. Therefore, spiromesifen could profoundly decrease the population growth rate of T. urticae but can not be considered as a compatible acaricide with N. califonicus because of its negative effect on the longevity, total lifespan, and reproductive periods and should not be used with this predatory mite in integrated pest management programs.

Transcriptome analysis of Tetranychus cinnabarinus responses to an insecticide exposure

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1329-1342
Author(s):  
Jia Chen ◽  
Xianyan Ye ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Bin Xia ◽  
Tianrong Xin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Detoxification Enzymes ◽  
Tetranychus Cinnabarinus ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Chitin Synthesis ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

Diflubenzuron, a benzoylphenylurea insecticide that interferes with chitin biosynthesis, causes arthropods to moult abnormally and die. However, its mechanism of action in Tetranychus cinnabarinus is still unclear. In order to explore the effects of different sublethal concentrations of diflubenzuron on T. cinnabarinus, we conducted a high-throughput RNA-seq technology to identify the variations in transcriptomic profile of T. cinnabarinus larvae. The results revealed that 470 and 49 differentially expressed genes were identified in LC50-and LC70-treated groups, comparing with the control. We also identified and analyzed the detoxification enzymes involved in the transcritome of T. cinnabarinus, including 34 cytochrome P450 genes, 17 glutathione-s-transferase genes (GSTs), 12 acetylcholinesterase genes (AChEs) and 9 ABC transporter genes. In addition, differentially expressed genes analysis showed that the gene expression levels of detoxification enzymes were generally enhanced. At the same time, seven and eleven genes were involved in chitin synthesis and degradation ways, respectively. The expression level of most genes involved in chitin synthesis and degradation pathway were generally up-regulated after exposure to sublethal concentrations of diflubenzuron. Moreover, for transcriptome validation, the mRNA expression results of ten specially expressed genes by quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that these gene expression trends were consistent with that of the transcriptome data. Together, all these results suggested that sublethal concentrations of diflubenzuron exposure affected gene expression of major detoxification enzymes and chitin metabolism genes in T. cinnabarinus larvae. These findings may be helpful to further understand the possible molecular mechanism of benzoylphenylurea insecticides in T. cinnabarinus, as well as in other spider mites.

An Artificial Diet for Cottonwood and Imported Willow Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Comparative Performance on Poplar Foliage2

1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah S. Bauer ◽  
Joann Meerschaert ◽  
O. Thomas Forrester
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Laboratory Rearing ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Chrysomela Scripta ◽  
The Media ◽  
Cottonwood Leaf Beetle ◽  
Willow Leaf Beetle

An artificial diet was developed for laboratory rearing of the cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta F., and the imported willow leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora (Laicharting). To reduce microbial contamination of the media, procedures were developed for separating egg masses and sterilizing egg surfaces. Cottonwood leaf beetle larvae reared from neonate to adult on this artificial diet had greater mortality, took longer to develop, and were smaller than larvae reared on fresh poplar foliage. Adult longevity was similar for both diet-and foliage-reared larvae. Survival and adult fresh weight of imported willow leaf beetle larvae reared on the artificial diet were similar to those of cohorts reared on fresh poplar foliage. However, individuals reared on artificial diet took longer to develop and produced shorter-lived adults than cohorts reared on foliage. Larvae of both species would not eat fresh foliage after being fed on the artificial diet. Adults of both species maintianed on the artificial diet laid few eggs but resumed normal oviposition when fed fresh foliage. This artificial diet proved useful for rearing larvae and maintaining adults during periods when fresh foliage was limited.

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