scholarly journals ЕПІСТЕМОЛОГІЯ ЯВИЩА «ТРАНСГЕНДЕР» У СУЧАСНОМУ ОЛІМПІЙСЬКОМУ СПОРТІ

2020 ◽  
pp. 190-202
Author(s):  
Сергій Лазоренко ◽  
◽  
Дмитро Балашов ◽  
Микола Чхайло
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Olympic Movement ◽  
Doping In Sports ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Olympic Sport

Relevance of the Research Topic. The forthcoming Olympic Games in July 2021 in Tokyo – the capital of the rising Sun country – in the view of most heads of international sports federations, which absolutely support the aspects of the current Olympic concept, and the athletes preparing to demonstrate the best sides of modern Olympic sports during the Tokyo Olympic Games, can become most scandalous in the context of determining the winners of the Games, the fairness of Olympic records, especially in women’s competitions and Athletes-Transgenders’ participation in the Games. In the history of the modern Olympic movement, these will be the first Olympics Games in which, alongside biological women, will compete representatives of the male half of humanity, who have artificially changed gender. The last four years, following the Games in Rio de Janeiro, have been marked by a total struggle against doping in sports. The purpose of the research is to study the issues of transgender ontology in modern Olympic sport and solutions to this problem. Being used research methods are analysis, comparison and generalization of historical information and its systematization according to the dialectic of the problem’s development. Results of the study. The International Olympic Committee has decided to purge modern Olympic sports from this shameful phenomenon, because peaceful Olympic rivalry is a demonstration of the individual qualities of the athlete, not a rivalry of the modern achievements in medicine and pharmacology. This struggle demonstrated the fundamental position of the IOC towards athletes, teams and national teams, who, for the sake of high sport achievements, used prohibited pharmacological drugs, manipulated of doping tests, etc. in the preparation for official competitions. The result of this struggle is the removal of specified subjects from participation in 2021 Games. Conclusions. The authors of the article tried to explore the dialectic of the transgender phenomenon in modern Olympic sports and to identify aspects of the IOC policy regarding the admission of transgender athletes to the 2021 Summer Olympics.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Parks Pieper
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
Single Male ◽  
Gender Conformity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Olympic Sport

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to book explores the history of sex testing from the 1930s to the early 2000s. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) used different tests to both guarantee the authenticity of female athletes and identify male masqueraders in Olympic sport. Although the IOC Medical Commission never discovered a single male imposter—and the various iterations of the exam actually illustrated the impossibility of neatly delineating sex—the IOC nevertheless continued to implement the control. Olympic officials thus authorized a policy of sex/gender conformity, as sex testing/gender verification required that female athletes demonstrate conventional notions of white Western heterofemininity. Through these regulations, the IOC continuously reaffirmed a binary notion of sex, privileged white gender norms, and hampered female athleticism. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.

scholarly journals Human Benevolence is Innate to Man as Man Shakespeare’s Art of Characterization with reference to Macbeth

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1115-1119
Author(s):  
Anser Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Peace Of Mind ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lady Macbeth ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Insight Into

Shakespearean tragedies stand out in the history of world’s literature for their influential language, insight into character and dramatic ingenuity. It can be safely established that all of the Shakespearean tragedies are based upon the notion that human benevolence is innate to man as man. The current study focuses upon the notion that the Shakespearean heroes are basically good and noble men whose tragic flaw leads to their obliteration. For instance in Macbeth, Lady Macbeth describes Macbeth as “too full o’ milk of human kindness”. The character of Macbeth gives the picture of dissolution within the individual. The character of Macbeth has been analyzed to assert that he seems to suffer from a variance between his head and heart, his duty and his desire, his reckoning and his emotions. A psychological insight to his character reveals that he knows from the first that he is engaged in a ridiculous act: a distressed and paradoxical struggle. With the aid of research methods including Case Study and Close Reading this Qualitative research highlights Macbeth’s lethal proceedings which not only obliterate his peace of mind but also bring turmoil to the macrocosm of the universe, and shows that along with the king he murders his sense of reasoning as well. Hence this study asserts the idea that Shakespearean heroes possess an inherent goodness corroded by the actions of fate or destiny thus resulting in their tragic downfall.

A Case for the Integration of the Disabled into the Olympic Games

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stan Labanowich
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
Confounding Factor ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Olympic Movement ◽  
Sports Programs ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Single Voice ◽  
The Olympic Games

By referring to criteria established by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for including sports in the Olympic Games and considering the maturation of the sports movement for the disabled, it is reasonable to conclude that certain sports reserved exclusively for the disabled can be made eligible for inclusion in the Olympic Games as medal events. A confounding factor in pursuit of inclusion in the Olympic Games is the uncritical willingness of the established international sports organizations for the disabled to amalgamate in order to communicate as a single voice with the IOC. Created in the process is a formal institutionalization of sports programs for the disabled. Despite invitations to stage demonstration events in recent Olympic Games, sports organizations have failed to take measures necessary to qualify for full integration into the Olympic movement. Reorganization is called for on the basis of versions of sports that would lend themselves to integration.

scholarly journals Art competitions at the Olympic Games 1912-1948 and the Czechoslovak participation

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
Zdeněk Škoda
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
World War ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Olympic Movement ◽  
Philosophical Background ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Olympic Games

The article deals with the art competitions that appeared on the program of modern Olympic Games between 1912 and 1948. It reveals the philosophical background of their existence within the Summer Olympics and their relation to the idea of kalokagathia. The article describes the reasons for their origin and how the founder of the modern Olympic movement Pierre de Coubertin succeeded in pushing this idea forward. There were five artistic disciplines: fine arts, music, sculpture, literature, and architecture. I will briefly introduce the history of art competitions in chronological order, show how their popularity gradually increased but I will also reveal the reasons the art competitions were removed from the program of the Olympic Games in the 1950s of the 20th century. Czech and Czechoslovak artists were frequent participants in the competitions. Except for Antwerp 1920 and Amsterdam 1928, they represented Czechoslovakia in large numbers until the time of the first Olympic Games after World War II in London 1948. In total, works by more than 50 Czechoslovak artists were presented and some were remarkably successful. Two composers Josef Suk and Jaroslav Křička and a sculptor Jakub Obrovský were even awarded Olympic medals in the 1930s. We will take a closer look at these achievements and present their works. The article aims to present a lesser known but important place of art competitions in the history of the modern Olympic movement and to recall the achievements of Czech and Czechoslovak artists.

scholarly journals Royalty and the Olympic movement

2018 ◽  
pp. 4-17
Author(s):  
Maria Bulatova ◽  
Valentyna Iermolova
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Winter Olympics ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Olympic Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Crown Prince ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The Olympic Games

The Olympic Games of Ancient Greece had occupied a special place in the life of the Hellenes. The holding of the Olympics had a wide public resonance. The rulers of various polices actively supported these events and many of them were the participants and some the winners of the Games. Famous philosophers, writers and poets, architects and sculptors had the honor to present their works to spectators and judges at that athletic forum. During the heyday of the Roman Empire, which conquered ancient Greece, Roman emperors not only supported the holding of the Olympic Games, but also participated in Olympic competitions organized at four-year intervals and other Pan-Helenian Games. The process of the revival of the Olympic Games had been closely related to the activities of prominent thinkers, artists, actors, and musicians of the Renaissance, New Age, and Enlightenment. It is worth noting that the royalty did not stand aside from this process: the first Olympic Games of the Modern Era were held with the active involvement of the King of Greece George I, whereas Crown Prince Constantine assumed the presidency of the organizing committee of the Games. Since that time, many royalties from different countries have participated in the Olympic Games. For more than 120-year history of the Olympic Games, revived at the end of the XIX century, 31 representatives of royal families took part in Olympic competitions and won 11 Olympic medals: four gold, one silver and six bronze medals. Their interest in the Olympic movement is not limited to participation in the Olympics Games and the Winter Olympics. The history of the modern Olympic movement includes the names of 14 representatives of the Royalty who were given the honor to declare the Olympic Games open; 34 ones in different years were the members of the International Olympic Committee; five monarchs with special merits in the development of the International Olympic Movement and promoting Olympic values are among the honorary members of the IOC. The article describes briefly this interesting story of the Olympic Games of antiquity and modernity, in which royalty took part. Keywords: Olympic Games, royalty

scholarly journals The Viability of Cross-Country Running Appearing in the Winter Olympic Games

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Andrew Boyd Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Marathon Running ◽  
Organized Sport ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Winter Olympic Games ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Recent Attention

Today, cross-country running celebrates over 200 years of being a practiced, organized sport. Originally adapted as a form of imitation fox hunting by schoolboys in England, it is now a globally sanctioned program governed by World Athletics, which oversees marathon running, track and field, and other athletics events. First introduced to the International Olympic Committee by Percy Fischer, a member of the Olympic track committee of the Amateur Athletics Association in October 1910, cross-country running appeared three times on the program for the Summer Olympic Games in 1912, 1920, and 1924 as both a team and individually-scored event. Due to the overwhelming popularity of track and field and marathon events in the current Olympic Games program in the summer, recent attention has turned to promoting cross-country running––largely practiced in the autumnal and winter months the world over––for inclusion on the Winter Olympic Games schedule. Despite a history of nearly 100 years of efforts for reinclusion back into the Olympics, cross-country running has had difficulty in gaining traction for support for the winter program, largely due to the winter olympic charter mandating all sports be practiced exclusively on snow or ice.

scholarly journals Olympism and the Olympic education: history, modernity, future

2018 ◽  
pp. 4-27
Author(s):  
Maria Bulatova ◽  
Vladimir Platonov
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
Education History ◽  
Olympic Movement ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
Olympic Education ◽  
Olympic Sport ◽  
Educational Potential ◽  
Development Prospects ◽  
Negative Phenomena ◽  
The Olympic Games

Objective. Study of the Olympic Games and the Olympic movement as an aggregate of phenomena and processes of historical, socio-economic, political, educational, and purely sports character in their organic relationship, with due account for achievements and issues, positive and negative aspects, risks and development prospects. Results. Most of the modern initiatives and educational resources implemented in the modern Olympic education system are focused only on obtaining general ideas about the Olympic Games and the Olympic movement, active promoting the ideals and values of the Olympic philosophy, which has been peculiar for the policy of the IOC and IOA in this area for several decades. Traditionally established concept of the Olympic education, peculiar for most countries, lags behind the needs of the time, is characterized by weak sociocultural content, limited criticism and commitment to emotional rhetoric, especially in the part that relates to the universalism of the Olympic values, claims to the global educational potential of the Olympic education. However, the Olympic movement and the Olympic Games do not need artificial idealization. Their value is in the greatest history, bright modernity, diversity and popularity, difficulties and contradictions, numerous interrelations with politics and economics, culture and art, education and upbringing. Versatile and objective consideration and study of the Olympic movement and, above all, the Olympic Games various aspects, with account for all strengths and weaknesses, achievements and issues, weak points and drawbacks can in no way adversely affect the popularity and significance of this phenomenon, including as an object of the Olympic education. On the contrary, the idealization of the Olympic sport and the Olympic Games, outstanding athletes and their role in the process of educational and upbringing, ignoring issues, difficulties, contradictions, negative phenomena and risk factors are a direct way to the devaluation of the Olympic education, to skepticism regarding its potentials and significance.

4. International

2014 ◽  
pp. 63-80
Author(s):  
Mike Cronin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
International Competition ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Olympic Games

The first recorded international sporting fixture was a cricket match between the United States and Canada in New York in 1844. ‘International’ shows that once sporting organizations, the media, and even politicians began to realize the value of international competition it spread quickly from sport to sport. Groups of national federations came together to form international federations that governed their particular sport, and arranged and sanctioned international competitions. Such organizations included the International Rugby Board (founded 1886), International Olympic Committee (1894), and Fédération Internationale de Football Association (1904). The history of the IOC, the Olympic Games, and their political and financial aspects are described, including the boycotts of the 1970s and 1980s.

Olympic Movement

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Murray
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
Olympic Movement

At the close of the nineteenth century, French aristocrat Pierre de Coubertin (1863–1937) sought to revive the Olympics in an attempt to foster cultural diversity and alleviate rising international tensions. In 1894, Coubertin helped found the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and he served as its second president until 1925. The first modern Olympic Games were held symbolically in Athens in 1896.

The International Olympic Committee: Tragedy, Farce, and Hypocrisy

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwight H. Zakus
Keyword(s):  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
Olympic Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Made In

Many IOC actions have led to results that could be described as tragedy and farce. By comparing the presidency of Pierre de Coubertin with that of Avery Brundage, and comparing the decisions made in the denial of Jim Thorpe’s victories with the suspension of Karl Schranz, it is possible to see examples of tragedy and farce in the history of the Olympic movement. Further, it becomes possible to see how some of these actions and decisions have become hypocritical. The notion of hypocrisy is contained in Hoberman’s idea of “amoral universalism.” Several times the IOC has had to reverse its decisions regarding athletes. These decisions have resulted from hypocritical actions of the IOC in its attempt to maintain its version of Olympism as the guiding philosophy of the Olympic movement. The recent events surrounding Ben Johnson exemplify how the “amoral universalism,” and consequently the hypocrisy inherent in the Olympic movement, continue to affect the direct producers of Olympic performances.

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