scholarly journals Differences in the Effects of Carbohydrate Food Form on Endurance Performance to Exhaustion

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Murdoch ◽  
Terry L. Bazzarre ◽  
Ian P. Snider ◽  
Allan H. Goldfarb
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Endurance Tests ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Mean Blood Glucose ◽  
Mean Glucose ◽  
Placebo Drink

This investigation examined the metabolic and performance effects of ingesting solid compared to slurried carbohydrate food (bananas) between two prolonged exhaustive exercise bouts. Eight highly trained bale triathletes performed four exhaustive endurance tests (ET), each separated by at least 2 weeks. Each ET consisted of a 90-min run followed by 90 min of cycling, both at 70%. Workloads were then gradually increased on the cycle, and subjects continued to cycle until exhausted. They then rested for 20 min and ingested one of the following: an artificially sweetened placebo drink (P), slurried bananas (SL), or solid bananas (SO). Bananas were given in equal portions relative to each subject's body weight. Subjects cycled to exhaustion a second time at 70% of their, at which point the mean blood glucose concentration for the combined carbohydrate treatments was significantly higher than that from the P treatment. The mean glucose concentration from the SL treatment did not differ significantly from the SO treatment. These data demonstrate that solid bananas are as effective as slurried bananas in maintaining plasma glucose and in enhancing endurance exercise performance.

Carbohydrate Drink Use During 30 Minutes of Variable-Intensity Exercise Has No Effect on Exercise Performance in Premenarchal Girls

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
C. Eric Heidorn ◽  
Brandon J. Dykstra ◽  
Cori A. Conner ◽  
Anthony D. Mahon
Keyword(s):  
Peak Power ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Fatigue Index ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Variable Intensity ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Power Peak ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance

Purpose: This study examined the physiological, perceptual, and performance effects of a 6% carbohydrate (CHO) drink during variable-intensity exercise (VIE) and a postexercise test in premenarchal girls. Methods: A total of 10 girls (10.4 [0.7] y) participated in the study. VO2peak was assessed, and the girls were familiarized with VIE and performance during the first visit. The trial order (CHO and placebo) was randomly assigned for subsequent visits. The drinks were given before VIE bouts and 1-minute performance (9 mL/kg total). Two 15-minute bouts of VIE were completed (10 repeated sequences of 20%, 55%, and 95% power at VO2peak and maximal sprints) before a 1-minute performance sprint. Results: The mean power, peak power, heart rate (HR), %HRpeak, and rating of perceived exertion during VIE did not differ between trials. However, the peak power decreased, and the rating of perceived exertion increased from the first to the second bout. During the 1-minute performance, there were no differences between the trial (CHO vs placebo) for HR (190 [9] vs 189 [9] bpm), %HRpeak (97.0% [3.2%] vs 96.6% [3.0%]), rating of perceived exertion (7.8 [2.3] vs 8.1 [1.9]), peak power (238 [70] vs 235 [60] W), fatigue index (54.7% [10.0%] vs 55.9% [12.8%]), or total work (9.4 [2.6] vs 9.4 [2.1] kJ). Conclusion: CHO supplementation did not alter physiological, perceptual, or performance responses during 30 minutes of VIE or postexercise sprint performance in premenarchal girls.

scholarly journals The effects of starvation and experimental diabetes on phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxykinase in the guinea pig

1977 ◽  
Vol 164 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
K R F Elliott ◽  
C I Pogson
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Mitochondrial Fraction ◽  
Kidney Cortex ◽  
Total Enzyme Activity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Blood Glucose ◽  
Total Enzyme

1. Approx. 85% of liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is associated with the mitochondrial fraction in the fed guinea pig. Enzyme activity is unchanged in diabetes, but doubles during starvation. In contrast with earlier reports, both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial activities were found to be increased. 2. In kidney cortex, total enzyme activity is increased in both starved and diabetic animals. These changes are associated with increases in the cytoplasmic activity alone. 3. In diabetic animals the mean blood-glucose concentration was 23.1 mM. Other blood metabolites were lower than those in the rat, and the animals did not show significant ketosis. 4. Changes in the rates of gluconeogenesis from lactate and propionate paralleled those in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity.

PANCREATIC β-CELL FUNCTION IN THE FETAL FOAL AND MARE

1980 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABIGAIL L. FOWDEN ◽  
R. J. BARNES ◽  
R. S. COMLINE ◽  
MARIAN SILVER
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
Β Cell Function ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Glucose ◽  
Mean Concentration

Insulin secretion and the factors influencing β-cell function were investigated in the chronically catheterized fetal foal and mare during the second half of gestation. The response of the fetal β cells to exogenous glucose was also examined. The mean concentration of insulin in the fetal foal was 7·5 ± 0·5 (s.e.m.) μu./ml (n = 20) which was significantly less than the corresponding maternal value of 49·0 ± 5·0μu./ml (n = 20, P<0·01). The insulin concentration in non-pregnant horses was 24·5 ± 1·5 μu./ml (n = 5) which was significantly less than the value in the pregnant animals (P<0·01). However, there was no significant difference in the mean glucose concentration between the groups of adult animals. The insulin concentration was related to the endogenous glucose level in both adult and fetal horses. Wide variation in the maternal insulin concentration was observed above a glucose concentration of about 5·0 mmol/l. The mean concentration of insulin in pregnant mares decreased with increasing gestational age while the mean glucose concentration remained unaltered throughout the second half of gestation. There was no change in the basal concentrations of insulin or glucose in the fetus with gestational age although the fetal β-cell response to exogenous glucose appeared to increase with increasing fetal age after 270 days of gestation (term 330 days). There was a significant arterio-venous difference in the concentration of insulin across the gravid uterus in the mare when the arterial insulin level was greater than 30 μu./ml. Below this value, there was no consistent uptake of insulin by the uterus. The observations are discussed in relation to the regulation of insulin release in utero and the effects of pregnancy on maternal β-cell function.

scholarly journals Effect of Spinal Anesthesia versus General Anesthesia on Blood Glucose Concentration in Patients Undergoing Elective Cesarean Section Surgery: A Prospective Comparative Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Khaled El-Radaideh ◽  
Ala’’a Alhowary ◽  
Mohammad Alsawalmeh ◽  
Ahmed Abokmael ◽  
Haitham Odat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Elective Cesarean Section ◽  
Elective Cesarean ◽  
Prospective Comparative Study ◽  
The Mean

Background. This prospective study compared the blood glucose concentration with spinal anesthesia or general anesthesia in patients undergoing elective cesarean section surgery. Methods. In total, 58 pregnant women who underwent elective cesarean section surgery were included in this prospective comparative study. Group S (n = 35) included patients who chose spinal anesthesia, and group G (n = 23) included patients who chose general anesthesia. The patients were allocated to the groups upon patients’ preference. For the group G, the blood glucose concentration (BGC) was obtained 5 minutes before induction, T1, and 5 minutes after induction T2. For the group S, the BGC was obtained immediately before the injection of the local anesthetic agent T1 and 5 minutes after the complete block T2. For both groups, BGC was measured 5 minutes before the end of surgery T3 and 30 minutes after the end of surgery T4. For BGC measurements, we used a blood glucose monitoring system with a lancet device to prick the finger. Results. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean blood glucose concentration between the groups S and G in T1 (78.3 ± 18.2 vs. 74.3 ± 14.7, p>0.05) and T2 (79.2 ± 18.3 vs. 84.9 ± 23.7, p>0.05). The mean BGC was statistically significantly higher in group G in comparison to group S in the times 5 minutes before (80.2 ± 18.1 vs. 108.4 ± 16.7, p<0.05) and 30 minutes after the end of surgery (80.9 ± 17.7 vs. 121.1 ± 17.4, p<0.05). Conclusion. There is a much lower increase in blood glucose concentration under spinal anesthesia than under general anesthesia. It is reasonable to suggest that the blood sugar concentration must be intraoperatively monitored in patients undergoing general anesthesia.

Effect of feed quality and stage of lactation on the concentration of glucose in the blood of lactating cattle

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJ McClure
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Feed Quality ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Three groups of dairy cows were fed on: (i) immature forage oats, together with hay and dairy meal (ration A), or (ii) moderately mature forage oats alone (ration B), or (iii) relatively mature forage oats supplemented with dairy meal (ration C), from 2 weeks before until 10 weeks after parturition. The mean concentration of glucose in the blood of the cows fed on ration A did not fall significantly after parturition, but did fall significantly after parturition in the blood of cows on rations B and C. There appeared to be an interaction between feed quality and the stage of lactation in their effects on blood glucose concentration.

scholarly journals Acidification of Blood Is Superior to Sodium Fluoride Alone as an Inhibitor of Glycolysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 1019-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Gambino ◽  
Janet Piscitelli ◽  
Tomy A Ackattupathil ◽  
Judy L Theriault ◽  
Reynaldo D Andrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Sodium Oxalate ◽  
Enzymatic Method ◽  
Citrate Buffer ◽  
Cut Points ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Glucose ◽  
Plasma Collection

Abstract Background: Sodium fluoride is the preferred agent to inhibit glycolysis. Its action is not immediate, however, and complete inhibition is delayed for up to 4 hours. A more effective method is needed. Acidification of blood combined with the addition of NaF and EDTA appears to be such a method. We studied whether acidification was indeed more effective than NaF. Methods: We conducted 6 independent studies over a 10-month period at 3 Quest Diagnostics laboratory sites. In each study, we drew venous blood from 6–24 nonfasting employee volunteers into 3 or 4 different serum- or plasma-collection tubes, which were stored under different conditions and aliquoted at different times. We analyzed the aliquots in duplicate by means of a hexokinase-based enzymatic method. Results: The mean glucose concentration decreased by 0.3% at 2 h and by 1.2% at 24 h when blood was drawn into tubes containing citrate buffer, NaF, and EDTA. In contrast, the mean glucose concentration decreased by 4.6% at 2 h and by 7.0% at 24 h when blood was drawn into tubes containing NaF and sodium oxalate. Conclusions: Acidification should replace NaF alone as the recommended method for obtaining an accurate glucose concentration. Diagnostic cut points based on blood samples collected into tubes containing NaF as the only inhibitor of glycolysis are likely to be too low.

Hypoglycemia in Diabetics on Dialysis with Poor Glycemic Control: Hemodialysis versus Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 390-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H. Tzamaloukas ◽  
G.H. Murata ◽  
B. Eisenberg ◽  
G. Murphy ◽  
P.S. Avasthi
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽  
Insulin Dose ◽  
Severe Congestive Heart Failure ◽  
Poor Glycemic Control ◽  
Mean Blood Glucose

Eight diabetic men with poor glycemic control, probably worsened by severe congestive heart failure and gastroparesis, were sequentially dialyzed by CAPD and hemodialysis. Mean blood glucose concentration, blood glycosylated hemoglobin, and insulin dose were higher during CAPD than during hemodialysis. Among blood glucose determinations, however, the frequency of hypoglycemia (glucose <3.3 mmol/L) was higher during hemodialysis (13.2 ± 8.9%) than during CAPD (2.8 ± 2.1% p = 0.012), whereas the frequencies of hyperglycemia (glucose >11.1 mmol/L) and euglycemia (glucose between 3.5 and 11.1 mmol/L) did not differ between the two dialysis modalities. Furthermore, hypoglycemia was severe during hemodialysis and was associated with two deaths. There were no deaths linked to abnormalities in blood glucose concentration during CAPD. When hypoglycemia is frequent in diabetics with poor glycemic control, CAPD is preferable to hemodialysis.

scholarly journals The National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program: Over 20 Years of Improving Hemoglobin A1c Measurement

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 839-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randie R Little ◽  
Curt Rohlfing ◽  
David B Sacks
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Hemoglobin A1c ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Hemoglobin Variants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Blood Glucose ◽  
Hba1c Measurement

Abstract BACKGROUND Measurement of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in the blood is integral to and essential for the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus. HbA1c reflects the mean blood glucose concentration over the preceding 8 to 12 weeks. Although the clinical value of HbA1c was initially limited by large differences in results among various methods, the investment of considerable effort to implement standardization has brought about a marked improvement in analysis. CONTENT The focus of this review is on the substantial progress that has been achieved in enhancing the accuracy and, therefore, the clinical value of HbA1c assays. SUMMARY The interactions between the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program and manufacturers of HbA1c methods have been instrumental in standardizing HbA1c. Proficiency testing using whole blood has allowed accuracy-based assessment of methods in individual clinical laboratories that has made an important contribution to improving the HbA1c measurement in patient samples. These initiatives, supported by the efforts of the IFCC network, have led to a continuing enhancement of HbA1c methods. Many of the factors that previously influenced HbA1c results independently of blood glucose have been eliminated from most modern methods. These include carbamylation, labile intermediates, and common hemoglobin variants. Nevertheless, some factors (e.g., race and aging) may alter HbA1c interpretation, but whether these differences have clinical implications remains contentious. HbA1c has a fundamental role in the diagnosis and management of diabetes. Ongoing improvements in HbA1c measurement and quality will further enhance the clinical value of this analyte.

HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN CONCENTRATION DURING PHYSIOLOGICAL FLUCTUATIONS OF SERUM GLUCOSE IN NORMAL PREGNANT AND GESTATIONAL DIABETIC WOMEN

1975 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kühl ◽  
P. Gæde ◽  
J. G. Klebe ◽  
J. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Placental Lactogen ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
Mean Glucose ◽  
Concentration Curves

ABSTRACT Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were carried out in 9 normal pregnant women and 11 non-obese gestational diabetics in late pregnancy. All samples were analysed for the content of glucose, insulin and placental lactogen hormone (HPL). Furthermore, spontaneous changes in the serum HPL concentration during a 3 h period were studied in 6 normal women in the 2nd half of pregnancy. During OGTT only small and insignificant changes in the level of HPL were observed in both the normal subjects and the gestational diabetics. Furthermore, the mean HPL concentration curves of the normal subjects and the gestational diabetics were superimposed although the mean glucose concentration curves were significantly different. The study of spontaneous changes in HPL revealed only small and insignificant fluctuations in the serum HPL level, and the mean concentration curve resembled those obtained from the OGTT-study. It is concluded that neither the absolute serum glucose level, nor physiological fluctuations in the serum glucose concentration seemed to influence the serum concentration of HPL in this type of patients.

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