scholarly journals Acidification of Blood Is Superior to Sodium Fluoride Alone as an Inhibitor of Glycolysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 1019-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Gambino ◽  
Janet Piscitelli ◽  
Tomy A Ackattupathil ◽  
Judy L Theriault ◽  
Reynaldo D Andrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Sodium Oxalate ◽  
Enzymatic Method ◽  
Citrate Buffer ◽  
Cut Points ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Glucose ◽  
Plasma Collection

Abstract Background: Sodium fluoride is the preferred agent to inhibit glycolysis. Its action is not immediate, however, and complete inhibition is delayed for up to 4 hours. A more effective method is needed. Acidification of blood combined with the addition of NaF and EDTA appears to be such a method. We studied whether acidification was indeed more effective than NaF. Methods: We conducted 6 independent studies over a 10-month period at 3 Quest Diagnostics laboratory sites. In each study, we drew venous blood from 6–24 nonfasting employee volunteers into 3 or 4 different serum- or plasma-collection tubes, which were stored under different conditions and aliquoted at different times. We analyzed the aliquots in duplicate by means of a hexokinase-based enzymatic method. Results: The mean glucose concentration decreased by 0.3% at 2 h and by 1.2% at 24 h when blood was drawn into tubes containing citrate buffer, NaF, and EDTA. In contrast, the mean glucose concentration decreased by 4.6% at 2 h and by 7.0% at 24 h when blood was drawn into tubes containing NaF and sodium oxalate. Conclusions: Acidification should replace NaF alone as the recommended method for obtaining an accurate glucose concentration. Diagnostic cut points based on blood samples collected into tubes containing NaF as the only inhibitor of glycolysis are likely to be too low.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis between Portable Glucometer and Enzyme Method for Measurement of Blood Glucose Levels in Cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Abdalla Helayel ◽  
Nathalie Costa da Cunha ◽  
Sandro Estevam Moron ◽  
Paulo César Amaral Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Isabelle Magalhães da Cunha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
The Body ◽  
Enzymatic Method ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Glucose ◽  
Levene Test

Background: Changes in glycemic levels can negatively affect the body. Several techniques for the measurement of blood glucose have been described, but the enzymatic method is considered standard and more accurate in both humans and animals. The College of American Pathologists recommends the use of portable glucometers (PGs), which are routinely used in human medicine because this is an easy, relatively inexpensive method that delivers results quickly. The aim of this study was to compare the results of the measurement of blood glucose in cattle obtained using portable Accu-Check® glucometer with the enzymatic method (EM), which is still considered standard.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty crossbred cattle (Bos taurus), male and female, of different ages were evaluated. Through a puncture of the jugular vein, 10 mL of blood was collected, and one drop was immediately used in an Accu-Chek® PG; the remaining blood was stored in tubes containing sodium fluoride and tubes containing EDTA. The samples were packaged and sent to the laboratory for processing. Blood glucose was measured in the sodium fluoride samples using the enzymatic-colorimetric method (EM) employing Labtest® glucose kits with automatic ELISA spectrophotometer readings. The glycemic values obtained in this study with PG and EM ranged from 62 to 163.3 mg/dL. Mean glucose concentrations for the PG and EM methods were 93.53 mg/dL and 94.84 mg/dL, respectively, with no statistical difference (P > 0.05). The glycemia measurement results generated by both tests were normally distributed by the Shapiro–Wilk test (P > 0.05) and equal variances by the Levene test (P > 0.05). Discussion: The glycemic values obtained in this study meant that most of the mean glycemic values evaluated were >45 to 75 mg/dL, considered a reference for the species. This may have occurred due to the stress of handling during sample collection. Some authors compared the GP and EM methods and reported that the mean glucose concentrations obtained using PGs were significantly lower than those using the EM in both cattle and sheep and suggested using a correction factor for PGs. The error rates between PG and EM in our study ranged from 1.7 to 7.8%, much lower than the limits set by the Food and Drug Administration, which stipulates that PG cannot have error rates greater than 20% for blood glucose concentration. Comparison of PG and EM efficacy has been reported for dogs, cats, and horses, and significant differences were observed in the statistical analysis. In studies from other authors concluded that PG provides significantly different results from EM in the measurement of bovine and sheep blood glucose, but the final values can be corrected in order to obtain reliable results to be used in clinical practice. Hematocrit below 30% leads to erroneously high results, whereas hematocrit greater than 55% may give erroneously low results. However, failures are mainly caused by the user, such as improper application of the sample, excessive time to perform the exam, lack of equipment maintenance, and improper storage of test strips. PGs are becoming a very useful tool in the clinical practice with small animals, as studies have shown its reliability in relation to the EM, which is considered the gold standard. This practice may also be extended to cattle due to the reliability of PGs, as indicated in this study.

scholarly journals Differences in the Effects of Carbohydrate Food Form on Endurance Performance to Exhaustion

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Murdoch ◽  
Terry L. Bazzarre ◽  
Ian P. Snider ◽  
Allan H. Goldfarb
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Endurance Tests ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Mean Blood Glucose ◽  
Mean Glucose ◽  
Placebo Drink

This investigation examined the metabolic and performance effects of ingesting solid compared to slurried carbohydrate food (bananas) between two prolonged exhaustive exercise bouts. Eight highly trained bale triathletes performed four exhaustive endurance tests (ET), each separated by at least 2 weeks. Each ET consisted of a 90-min run followed by 90 min of cycling, both at 70%. Workloads were then gradually increased on the cycle, and subjects continued to cycle until exhausted. They then rested for 20 min and ingested one of the following: an artificially sweetened placebo drink (P), slurried bananas (SL), or solid bananas (SO). Bananas were given in equal portions relative to each subject's body weight. Subjects cycled to exhaustion a second time at 70% of their, at which point the mean blood glucose concentration for the combined carbohydrate treatments was significantly higher than that from the P treatment. The mean glucose concentration from the SL treatment did not differ significantly from the SO treatment. These data demonstrate that solid bananas are as effective as slurried bananas in maintaining plasma glucose and in enhancing endurance exercise performance.

PANCREATIC β-CELL FUNCTION IN THE FETAL FOAL AND MARE

1980 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABIGAIL L. FOWDEN ◽  
R. J. BARNES ◽  
R. S. COMLINE ◽  
MARIAN SILVER
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
Β Cell Function ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Glucose ◽  
Mean Concentration

Insulin secretion and the factors influencing β-cell function were investigated in the chronically catheterized fetal foal and mare during the second half of gestation. The response of the fetal β cells to exogenous glucose was also examined. The mean concentration of insulin in the fetal foal was 7·5 ± 0·5 (s.e.m.) μu./ml (n = 20) which was significantly less than the corresponding maternal value of 49·0 ± 5·0μu./ml (n = 20, P<0·01). The insulin concentration in non-pregnant horses was 24·5 ± 1·5 μu./ml (n = 5) which was significantly less than the value in the pregnant animals (P<0·01). However, there was no significant difference in the mean glucose concentration between the groups of adult animals. The insulin concentration was related to the endogenous glucose level in both adult and fetal horses. Wide variation in the maternal insulin concentration was observed above a glucose concentration of about 5·0 mmol/l. The mean concentration of insulin in pregnant mares decreased with increasing gestational age while the mean glucose concentration remained unaltered throughout the second half of gestation. There was no change in the basal concentrations of insulin or glucose in the fetus with gestational age although the fetal β-cell response to exogenous glucose appeared to increase with increasing fetal age after 270 days of gestation (term 330 days). There was a significant arterio-venous difference in the concentration of insulin across the gravid uterus in the mare when the arterial insulin level was greater than 30 μu./ml. Below this value, there was no consistent uptake of insulin by the uterus. The observations are discussed in relation to the regulation of insulin release in utero and the effects of pregnancy on maternal β-cell function.

HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN CONCENTRATION DURING PHYSIOLOGICAL FLUCTUATIONS OF SERUM GLUCOSE IN NORMAL PREGNANT AND GESTATIONAL DIABETIC WOMEN

1975 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kühl ◽  
P. Gæde ◽  
J. G. Klebe ◽  
J. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Placental Lactogen ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
Mean Glucose ◽  
Concentration Curves

ABSTRACT Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were carried out in 9 normal pregnant women and 11 non-obese gestational diabetics in late pregnancy. All samples were analysed for the content of glucose, insulin and placental lactogen hormone (HPL). Furthermore, spontaneous changes in the serum HPL concentration during a 3 h period were studied in 6 normal women in the 2nd half of pregnancy. During OGTT only small and insignificant changes in the level of HPL were observed in both the normal subjects and the gestational diabetics. Furthermore, the mean HPL concentration curves of the normal subjects and the gestational diabetics were superimposed although the mean glucose concentration curves were significantly different. The study of spontaneous changes in HPL revealed only small and insignificant fluctuations in the serum HPL level, and the mean concentration curve resembled those obtained from the OGTT-study. It is concluded that neither the absolute serum glucose level, nor physiological fluctuations in the serum glucose concentration seemed to influence the serum concentration of HPL in this type of patients.

The effect of two synthetic steroids on plasma glucose concentration and total entry rate of glucose in sheep

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anoma Ranaweera ◽  
E. J. H. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Triamcinolone Acetonide ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Plasma Glucose Concentration ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Glucose

SummaryPrimed continuous intravenous infusions of tracer amounts of [2·3H]gluscose were used to measure glucose entry rates before and after the administration of triamcinolone acetonide or trienbolone acetate to sheep eating 1200 g/day of chopped hay.The intramuscular injection of triamcinolone acetonide caused hyperglycaemia with a maximum plasma glucose concentration 24 h after the injection. Twenty-four hours after the injection of 0·5 mg/kg of steroid the mean glucose entry rate rose from 1·44 to 2·14 mg/min/kg. The difference between these means is significant (P < 0·02). Twenty-four hours after injecting 0·05 mg/kg of steroid the mean glucose entry rate had risen from 1·34 to 1·86 mg/min/kg. The difference between these means is significant (P < 0·05). The intramuscular injection of trienbolone acetate (0·5 mg/kg) had no effect on plasma glucose concentration or on glucose entry rate.These results are compared with the effect of betamethasone and are discussed in relation to the treatment of ketosis in cattle and sheep.

scholarly journals Glycaemic and Appetite Suppression Effect of a Vegetable-Enriched Bread

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4277
Author(s):  
Isaac Amoah ◽  
Carolyn Cairncross ◽  
Fabrice Merien ◽  
Elaine Rush
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Suppression Effect ◽  
Appetite Suppression ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Glucose ◽  
Desire To Eat

Bread, a frequently consumed food, is an ideal vehicle for addition of ingredients that increase nutrient density and add health benefits. This experimental cross-over study sought to test the effect of a vegetable-enriched bread (VB) in comparison to commercial white bread (WB) and wheatmeal bread (WMB) on serum glucose, insulin response and subjective appetite suppression. On three separate occasions, 10 participants (23 ± 7 years) visited the laboratory and consumed after an overnight fast, in random order, a 75 g serve of WB, WMB or VB. Venous blood samples drawn twice before (0 min) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after consumption of the bread were analysed for glucose and insulin. Participants rated their subjective feelings of hunger, fullness, satisfaction and desire to eat on a 150 mm Likert scale. The mean glucose iAUC over 120 min was not different among the breads. The mean insulin iAUC for the VB was significantly lower than the WB and WMB; difference VB and WB 12,415 pmol/L*minutes (95% CI 1918, 22,912 pmol/L*minutes, p = 0.025) and difference VB and WMB 13,800 pmol/L*minutes (95% CI 1623, 25,976 pmol/L*minutes p = 0.031). The VB was associated with a higher fullness feeling in the participants over the 120-min period. The consumption of VB was associated with less insulin release and higher satiety over 120 min which may be related to the higher fibre content and texture of VB. The role of vegetable and fruit fibres such as pectin in bread and insulin response should also be further explored.

Autoantibodies to Thrombomodulin: Development of an Enzyme Immunoassay and a Survey of their Frequency in Patients with the Lupus Anticoagulant

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (05) ◽  
pp. 507-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gibson ◽  
Margaret Nelson ◽  
Ross Brown ◽  
Hatem Salem ◽  
Harry Kronenberg
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Lupus Anticoagulant ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Technical Problem ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Citrate Buffer ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sample Dilution ◽  
Negative Population ◽  
Serum Components

SummaryIn order to investigate the possibility that autoantibodies to thrombomodulin (TM) may exist in patients with the lupus anticoagulant (LA) and perhaps be implicated in the pathogenesis of recurrent thrombosis seen in such patients, we developed an enzyme-immunoassay to screen serum samples for anti-human TM activity. The major technical problem encountered in developing this assay was to reduce the non-specific binding of serum components from both the LA positive and the negative population. Considerable reduction of non-specific binding was achieved by use of a phosphate/citrate buffer at pH 8.0 and the use of an optimal sample dilution of 1/40. In addition, samples were always tested in parallel in blank wells and results are expressed as an OD ratio. Samples from 113 patients with the LA were assayed and compared to 78 patients referred for LA testing but found to be negative. The mean OD values for the LA positive patients (± SD) was 1.36 (0.44) with a range of 0.78-2.57. This was virtually identical to the values for the LA negative population (1.38 ± 0.40, range 0.76-2.77). The results of this study indicate that there is no evidence for the presence of a significant autoantibody activity to TM in patients with the LA when compared to LA negative patients. If such autoantibodies do exist their frequency must be quite low.

Pre-operative Plasma Levels of Thrombin-Antithrombin III Complexes Correlate with the Development of Venous Thrombosis after Major Hip or Knee Surgery

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (02) ◽  
pp. 602-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S Ginsberg ◽  
Patrick Brill-Edwards ◽  
Akbar Panju ◽  
Ameen Patel ◽  
Joanne McGinnis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Knee Surgery ◽  
Referral Centre ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Cut Points ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Major Orthopedic Surgery ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Deep Vein

SummaryStudy objective. To determine whether levels of thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) in plasma, taken two weeks pre-operatively, predict the development of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients undergoing major hip or knee surgery.Design. Prospective cohort.Setting. Tertiary-care referral centre, university-affiliated hospital.Patients. Ninety eight consecutive patients undergoing elective hip or knee surgery.Intervention. All eligible consenting patients were seen in a preoperative clinic two weeks prior to surgery and had blood taken for measurement of plasma TAT level. After surgery, they received a combination of unfractionated heparin 5000 Units 12-hourly subcutaneously, and antiembolism stockings (TEDS), as prophylaxis against DVT. Contrast venography was performed prior to discharge, and according to the results, patients were classified as having proximal (popliteal and/or more proximal) DVT (n = 12), calf DVT (n = 7) or no DVT (n = 79).Measurements and Results. The mean TAT level was significantly higher in patients who developed DVT (5.7 μg/l) than in those who did not (4.1 μg/l), p = 0.035. Using cut-points of 3.5 and 5.5 μg/l for the TAT level, patients could be categorized as high, intermediate, and low risk for the development of DVT. The proportion of patients with TAT levels of ≥3.5μg/l who developed calf or proximal DVT was significantly higher than the proportion of patients with TAT levels of <3.5 μg/l who developed calf or proximal DVT (p = 0.02). The proportion of patients with TAT levels >5.5 μg/l who developed proximal DVT was significantly higher than the proportion of patients with TAT levels of ≤5.5 μg/l who developed proximal DVT (p = 0.03).Conclusions. This study demonstrates that pre-operative TAT levels correlate with the risk of developing DVT after major orthopedic surgery. Further studies are needed to determine the reason(s) for this observation and whether rational recommendations about prophylaxis and screening for DVT can be made based on the results of a pre-operative TAT level.

Investigation of the Association Between Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness (IMT) and Cardiac Risk Factors in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-133
Author(s):  
Zahra Rezaieyazdi ◽  
Sima Sedighi ◽  
Masoumeh Salari ◽  
Mohammadreza H. Fard ◽  
Mahmoud R. Azarpazhooh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

Background: The relationship between SLE and traditional risk factors for cardiovascular events was evaluated. Methods: The data regarding sixty patients with SLE and 30 healthy controls (age and sex matched) were gathered using SLEDAI forms. Venous blood (10mL) from all the participants was examined for hs-CRP, homocysteine, VCAM1, CBC, anti-DNA antibody, C3, C4, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol, FBS and triglyceride. : The IMT of carotid arteries was determined bilaterally by ultrasound. Other measurements included insulin levels via Elisa (Linco/Millipore Corp) and the HOMA-IR index for insulin resistance. Results: The mean age (in years) in the test and control groups was 28.8±10.3 (18-52) and 33.8±9.13 (18-48), respectively. Results: The mean age (in years) in the test and control groups was 28.8±10.3 (18-52) and 33.8±9.13 (18-48), respectively. : The average IMT in the test group was directly related to serum levels of VCAM1 (p<0.001), homocysteine (p<0.001), cholesterol (p<0.009), LDL (p<0.001), TG (p<0.001), and FPG (p=0.004). The association between other risk factors, insulin resistance, carotid IMT and SLEDAI, was nonexistent. Mean insulin and insulin resistance levels in all the participants were 0.43±2.06 µU/mL and 0.09±0.44, respectively. There was no significant difference between the test and control groups regarding serum insulin and insulin resistance levels (p=0.42 and p=0.9, respectively). None of the risk factors, such as hsCRP, VCAM1, or homocysteine, were shown to be related to insulin resistance (p=0.6, p=0.6, p=0.09, respectively). Conclusion:: Our findings did not show an increase in the prevalence of atherosclerosis in patients with SLE. There was no association between IMT and insulin resistance. However, the former was associated with FPG, total cholesterol, LDL, TG, homocystein and VCAM1.

scholarly journals Relationship between 24-h venous blood glucose variation and mortality among patients with acute respiratory failure

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoling Zhang ◽  
Jingjing Zhang ◽  
Jiamei Li ◽  
Ya Gao ◽  
Ruohan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Acute Respiratory Failure ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Icu Mortality ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractEvidence indicates that glucose variation (GV) plays an important role in mortality of critically ill patients. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the coefficient of variation of 24-h venous blood glucose (24-hVBGCV) and mortality among patients with acute respiratory failure. The records of 1625 patients in the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care II (MIMIC II) database were extracted. The 24-hVBGCV was calculated as the ratio of the standard deviation (SD) to the mean venous blood glucose level, expressed as a percentage. The outcomes included ICU mortality and in-hospital mortality. Participants were divided into three subgroups based on tertiles of 24-hVBGCV. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between 24-hVBGCV and mortality. Sensitivity analyses were also performed in groups of patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Taking the lowest tertile as a reference, after adjustment for all the covariates, the highest tertile was significantly associated with ICU mortality [odds ratio (OR), 1.353; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.018–1.797] and in-hospital mortality (OR, 1.319; 95% CI, 1.003–1.735), especially in the population without diabetes. The 24-hVBGCV may be associated with ICU and in-hospital mortality in patients with acute respiratory failure in the ICU, especially in those without diabetes.

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