Strategies for Hydration and Energy Provision during Soccer-Specific Exercise

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 625-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.D. Clarke ◽  
B. Drust ◽  
D.P.M. MacLaren ◽  
T. Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Specific Exercise ◽  
Sports Drink ◽  
Specific Protocol ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Experimental Trials

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of manipulating the provision of sports drink during soccer-specific exercise on metabolism and performance. Soccer players (N = 12) performed a soccer-specific protocol on three occasions. On two, 7 mL/kg carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHOv) or placebo (PLA) solutions were ingested at 0 and 45 min. On a third, the same total volume of carbohydrate-electrolyte was consumed (CHOf) in smaller volumes at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min. Plasma glucose, glycerol, non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFA), cortisol, and CHO oxidation were not significantly different between CHOv and CHOf (P > 0.05). Sprint power was not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the experimental trials. This study demonstrates when the total volume of carbohydrate consumed is equal, manipulating the timing and volume of ingestion elicits similar metabolic responses without affecting exercise performance.

Mechanism, temporal patterns, and magnitudes of the metabolic responses to the KATP channel agonist diazoxide

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (1) ◽  
pp. E80-E85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharathi Raju ◽  
Philip E. Cryer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acid ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
C Peptide

To assess the mechanism, temporal patterns, and magnitudes of the metabolic responses to the ATP-dependent potassium channel agonist diazoxide, neuroendocrine and metabolic responses to intravenous diazoxide (saline, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) and oral diazoxide (placebo, 4.0 and 6.0 mg/kg) were assessed in healthy young adults. Intravenous diazoxide produced rapid, but transient, decrements ( P = 0.0023) in plasma insulin (e.g., nadirs of 2.8 ± 0.5 and 1.8 ± 0.3 μU/ml compared with 7.0 ± 1.0 μU/ml after saline at 4.0–7.5 min) and C-peptide ( P = 0.0228) associated with dose-related increments in plasma glucose ( P = 0.0044) and serum nonesterified fatty acids ( P < 0.0001). After oral diazoxide, plasma insulin appeared to decline, as did C-peptide, again associated with dose-related increments in plasma glucose ( P < 0.0001) and serum nonesterified fatty acids ( P = 0.0141). Plasma glucagon, as well as cortisol and growth hormone, was not altered. Plasma epinephrine increased ( P = 0.0215) slightly only after intravenous diazoxide. There were dose-related increments in plasma norepinephrine ( P = 0.0038 and P = 0.0005, respectively), undoubtedly reflecting a compensatory sympathetic neural response to vasodilation produced by diazoxide, but these would not raise plasma glucose or serum nonesterified fatty acid levels. Thus selective suppression of insulin secretion, without stimulation of glucagon secretion, raised plasma glucose and serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. These findings define the temporal patterns and magnitudes of the metabolic responses to diazoxide and underscore the primacy of regulated insulin secretion in the physiological regulation of postabsorptive carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

Effects of fish oil on metabolic responses to oral fructose and glucose loads in healthy humans

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (2) ◽  
pp. E353-E362 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Delarue ◽  
C. Couet ◽  
R. Cohen ◽  
J. F. Brechot ◽  
J. M. Antoine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Healthy Humans

This study examines the effect of the substitution of 6 g/day of fish oil in a saturated diet on glucose and fructose metabolism in healthy humans. Five subjects were submitted to two 3-wk controlled-diet periods (polyunsaturated/saturated = 0.21). During one period, 6 g/day of fat used for dressing were replaced by 6 g/day of fish oil [1.1 g/day of 20:5 (n-3) fatty acids and 0.7 g/day of 22:6 (n-3) fatty acids]. At the end of each period the subjects ingested a 1 g/kg fructose or glucose load 2 days apart. Plasma glucose fluxes were traced with the use of deuterated glucose and [U-13C]glucose. Substrate oxidation was measured by indirect calorimetry. Fish oil induced a 4% increase in basal and postload glycemia and a 40% decrease in insulinemia, whereas plasma C-peptide remained unaffected. Glucose fluxes were unaffected by fish oil, but carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation was reduced (fructose: 55.5 +/- 4.1 vs. 62.9 +/- 3.6 g/6 h; glucose: 36.7 +/- 4.7 vs. 50.5 +/- 4.7 g/6 h; all P < 0.05). Lipid oxidation was increased 35% by fish oil after both CHO loads. Nonoxidative glucose disposal was increased by fish oil (fructose: 9.4 +/- 2.5 vs. 2.9 +/- 1.1 g/6 h; glucose: 28.3 +/- 5.1 vs. 14.4 +/- 4.7 g/6 h; all P < 0.05). Fish oil could affect glucose transport and decrease CHO oxidation through the decrease in insulinemia and/or a specific effect on glycolytic pathway.

Ingesting A Sports Drink Enhances Simulated Ice Hockey Performance While Reducing Perceived Effort

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (14) ◽  
pp. 1061-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Palmer ◽  
George Heigenhauser ◽  
MyLinh Duong ◽  
Lawrence Spriet
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Electrolyte Solution ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Sports Drink ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Specific Protocol ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

AbstractThis study determined whether ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CES) vs. progressive dehydration affected skeletal muscle glycogen use and performance in ice hockey players during simulated ice hockey exercise comprised of 3 active “periods”. Seven males (21.3±0.3 years, 184.7±1.2 cm, 84.2±3.9 kg, and 49.6±1.8 mL·kg−1·min−1) performed a hockey-specific protocol on two occasions and either dehydrated progressively (NF), or stayed well-hydrated by ingesting a CES. Muscle biopsies were taken at rest, before the 3rd period (P3), and after the final sprint in the protocol. Compared to dehydration in the NF trial (−1.8% BM), CES ingestion enhanced voluntary performance (151.0±8.0 vs. 144.1±8.7 kJ) and glycogen use (177.5±31.1 vs. 103.5±16.2 mmol·kg dm−1), and reduced perceived exertion (16±1 vs. 18±1) in P3. Mean core temperature was reduced by CES ingestion throughout the protocol (38.0±0.2 vs. 38.1±0.1°C). These results suggest that compared to progressive dehydration, staying hydrated by ingesting a CES helps preserve performance, while reducing thermal and perceptual strains, in P3 of cycle-based simulation of ice hockey exercise. These benefits are observed despite greater glycogen use in P3 with CES ingestion.

The effect of feeding salmon oil to sows throughout pregnancy on pre-weaning mortality of piglets

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Rooke ◽  
A.G. Sinclair ◽  
S.A. Edwards ◽  
R. Cordoba ◽  
S. Pkiyach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Nutritional Study ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractSalmon oil (16·5 kg /t), a source of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids, was included in diets offered to multiparous sows during pregnancy and lactation to measure responses in pre-weaning mortality and performance of piglets in two studies. The first study, carried out under commercial conditions, included 196 sows which were offered salmon oil and control diets from immediately post service until weaning. The same diets were also offered to 10 sows per treatment from day 58 of pregnancy in a controlled nutritional study which measured the effects of salmon oil on piglet tissue fatty acid composition. Offering salmon oil to the sow significantly increased gestation length and decreased individual piglet birth weight but had no effect on litter size at birth. Overall, salmon oil reduced pre-weaning mortality from 11·7% to 10·2% mainly by reducing the incidence of deaths from crushing by the sow. More detailed analysis of mortality using a general linear mixed model and 2294 piglet records, demonstrated that the incidence of pre-weaning mortality was significantly decreased with increasing individual piglet birth weight and by inclusion of salmon oil in the diet; the incidence of mortality increased with average piglet birth weight in a litter. Salmon oil inclusion had no effect on weight of litter weaned, sow lactation food intake or subsequent reproductive performance. In both studies, dietary salmon oil increased the proportions of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in colostrum to a similar extent. In the nutritional study, inclusion of salmon oil reduced the proportions of 20: 4 n-6 in piglet liver and brain at birth and increased the proportions of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, despite reducing piglet birth weight, offering sows salmon oil reduced pre-weaning mortality of piglets. The nutritional study showed that the amount and type of marine oil used may not have been optimal.

scholarly journals The Obscure Effect of Tribulus terrestris Saponins Plus Inulin on Liver Morphology, Liver Fatty Acids, Plasma Glucose, and Lipid Profile in SD Rats with and without Induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8680
Author(s):  
Kamila Misiakiewicz-Has ◽  
Dominika Maciejewska-Markiewicz ◽  
Sylwia Rzeszotek ◽  
Anna Pilutin ◽  
Agnieszka Kolasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Tribulus Terrestris ◽  
Plasma Lipid Profile ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Liver Morphology

Diabetes is a predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). There are data suggesting that Tribulus terrestris (TT) saponins act as antidiabetic agents and protect against NAFLD. The effect of saponins may be increased by fermentable fibers such as inulin. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of TT saponins and TT saponins plus inulin on the plasma lipid profile and liver fatty acids of rats with induced diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM). The study was performed on 36 male Sprague–Dawley rats divided into two main groups: control and diabetic. Animals of the diabetic (DM) group were fed a high-fat diet and injected with streptozotocin (low doses). Animals of the control group (nDM) were on a regular diet and were injected with buffer. After the injections, the animals were split into subgroups: three non-diabetic (nDM): (i) control (c-C); (ii) saponin-treated rats (C-Sap); (iii) rats treated with saponins + inulin (C-Sap + IN), and three diabetic subgroups (DM): (iv) control (c-DM); (v) saponin-treated rats (DM-Sap); (vi) rats treated with saponins + inulin (DM-Sap + IN). Liver fatty acids were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography, and plasma glucose and lipids were measured. The study showed significant changes in liver morphology, liver fatty acids, plasma lipid profile, and plasma glucose. In summary, supplementation with TT saponins or saponins with inulin for one month decreased the level of steatosis in rats with induced type 2 diabetes. Moreover, there were favorable effects on the plasma lipid profile in the rats. However, additional supplementation with inulin had a negative effect on liver morphology (with a microvesicular type of steatosis) in the non-diabetes group. Moreover, supplementation with inulin had a negative effect on plasma glucose in both diabetic and non-diabetic rats. These data show that a diet enriched with fermentable fibers reveals different effects in different organisms, and not all sources and forms of fiber are beneficial to health.

scholarly journals Portuguese Football Federation consensus statement 2020: nutrition and performance in football

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. e001082
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Abreu ◽  
Pedro Figueiredo ◽  
Paulo Beckert ◽  
José P Marques ◽  
Samuel Amorim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Nutritional Strategies ◽  
Practical Constraints ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Nutrition is an undeniable part of promoting health and performance among football (soccer) players. Nevertheless, nutritional strategies adopted in elite football can vary significantly depending on culture, habit and practical constraints and might not always be supported by scientific evidence. Therefore, a group of 28 Portuguese experts on sports nutrition, sports science and sports medicine sought to discuss current practices in the elite football landscape and review the existing evidence on nutritional strategies to be applied when supporting football players. Starting from understanding football’s physical and physiological demands, five different moments were identified: preparing to play, match-day, recovery after matches, between matches and during injury or rehabilitation periods. When applicable, specificities of nutritional support to young athletes and female players were also addressed. The result is a set of practical recommendations that gathered consensus among involved experts, highlighting carbohydrates periodisation, hydration and conscious use of dietary supplements.

scholarly journals Efficacy of immune-strengthening functional drinks in top-level athletes: a questionnaire survey-based research

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Minchul Lee ◽  
Jin-Sook Lee ◽  
Kyunghee Kim ◽  
Chanju Kim
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Functional Beverages ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Functional Drink

[Purpose] Functional beverages are intended to support those who want to maintain optimal physical condition and improve their quality of life through the enhancement of heart health, immunity, and digestion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance of top-level athletes consuming immune-strengthening conditioning nutritional drinks.[Methods] A total of 107 top-level athletes (baseball (56 players), pro volleyball (17), athletics (16), cycling (8), golf (6), and fencing (6)) participated in the experiment. They consumed an immune-enhancing functional beverage once a day for 8 weeks and responded to a survey before, during, and after drinking the beverage.[Results] Three total aspect-based subfactors were drawn from 24 questions in the factor analysis: physical, satisfaction with mental stability, and activity in performance. The physical, mental stability and performance changes of athletes significantly increased in period 2 (4 weeks after intake) and period 3 (after 8 weeks of intake).[Conclusion] We evaluated the efficacy of a new conditioned beverage containing Lactobacillus B240 and protein in improving the performance and physiological utility of top athletes. This functional drink may gain popularity among those seeking health benefits and improved exercise performance.

scholarly journals Genética y fútbol: asociación de los polimorfismos genéticos ACTN3 y ACE-I/D en jugadores de fútbol: Revisión literaria (Genetic and soccer: association of ACTN3 and ACE-I/D genetic polymorphisms in soccer players: Literary review)

Retos ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson Arroyo Moya
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphisms ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Muscle Injuries ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Genotypic Combination ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Hereditary Factors ◽  
And Performance

  Se ha comprobado y establecido que alrededor del 66% de los componentes del rendimiento y estado del atleta se explican por los factores hereditarios. Dos de los polimorfismos genéticos mas estudiados con relación al rendimiento deportivo en la ultima década, son el ACTN3 R577X y el ACE I/D. El objetivo de este estudio fue resumir las posibles asociaciones de ambos polimorfismos y el rendimiento en jugadores de fútbol, determinando la combinación alélica y genotípica que más destaca en esta población y, además, observar las relaciones de estos a nivel físico y fisiológico. Para la realización de este estudio se llevaron a cabo dos fases, una primera de revisión bibliográfica y una segunda fase de clasificación y análisis de la información. Los estudios evidencian una mayor influencia de los alelos ACE-D y ACTN-R, y de los genotipos ACE-ID y ACTN-RR. Se observó que los sujetos con estas combinaciones tenían mejores rendimientos es pruebas de velocidad y fuerza. Por otro lado, el polimorfismo ACTN3 está directamente relacionado con las lesiones musculares. En conclusión, se pudo observar una relación entre los polimorfismos genéticos y el rendimiento en jugadores de fútbol. Los componentes genéticos se pueden integrar como un nuevo componente dentro de la caracterización del deporte y como una herramienta dentro de un modelo de identificacción y detección de talentos en el fútbol juvenil. Además, los biomarcadores genéticos podrían ser responsables en un futuro, del estudio del riesgo de lesiones para que se optimice mucho más el rendimiento en el fútbol profesional. Abstract. It has been verified and established that around 66% of the components of the athlete's performance and state are explained by hereditary factors. Two of the most studied genetic polymorphisms in relation to sports performance in the last decade are ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D. The aim of this study was to summarize the possible associations of both polymorphisms and the performance in soccer players, determining the allelic and genotypic combination that stands out the most in this population and, also, to observe their relationships at the physical and physiological level. In order to complete this study, two phases were carried out, the first one of literature review and, the second one which covered the information classification and analysis. The studies show a greater influence of the ACE-D and ACTN-R alleles, and higher presence of the ACE-ID and ACTN-RR genotypes. Subjects with these combinations were found to perform better on speed and strength tests. On the other hand, the ACTN3 polymorphism is directly related to muscle injuries. In conclusion, a relationship between genetic polymorphisms and performance in soccer players could be observed. Genetic components can be integrated as a new component within the characterization of sport and as a tool within a model of identification and detection of talents in youth soccer. In addition, genetic biomarkers could be responsible, in the future, for the study of the risk of injury so that performance in professional soccer is much more optimized.

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