Carbohydrate-Supplement Form and Exercise Performance

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Campbell ◽  
Diana Prince ◽  
Marlia Braun ◽  
Elizabeth Applegate ◽  
Gretchen A. Casazza
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Sports Drink ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Carbohydrate Supplement

Numerous studies have shown that ingesting carbohydrate in the form of a drink can improve exercise performance by maintaining blood glucose levels and sparing endogenous glycogen stores. The effectiveness of carbohydrate gels or jellybeans in improving endurance performance has not been examined. On 4 separate days and 1–2 hr after a standardized meal, 16 male (8; 35.8 ± 2.5 yr) and female (8; 32.4 ± 2.4 yr) athletes cycled at 75% VO2peak for 80 min followed by a 10-km time trial. Participants consumed isocaloric (0.6 g of carbohydrate per kg per hour) amounts of randomly assigned sports beans, sports drink, gel, or water only, before, during, and after exercise. Blood glucose concentrations were similar at rest between treatments and decreased significantly during exercise with the water trial only. Blood glucose concentrations for all carbohydrate supplements were significantly, p < .05, higher than water during the 80-min exercise bout and during the time trial (5.7 ± 0.2 mmol/L for sports beans, 5.6 ± 0.2 mmol/L for sports drink, 5.7 ± 0.3 mmol/L for gel, and 4.6 ± 0.3 mmol/L for water). There were no significant differences in blood glucose between carbohydrate treatments. The 10-km time trials using all 3 carbohydrate treatments were significantly faster (17.2 ± 0.6 min for sports beans, 17.3 ± 0.6 min for sports drink, and 17.3 ± 0.6 min for gel) than water (17.8 ± 0.7 min). All carbohydrate-supplement types were equally effective in maintaining blood glucose levels during exercise and improving exercise performance compared with water only.

scholarly journals Potato ingestion is as effective as carbohydrate gels to support prolonged cycling performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 1651-1659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amadeo F. Salvador ◽  
Colleen F. McKenna ◽  
Rafael A. Alamilla ◽  
Ryan M. T. Cloud ◽  
Alexander R. Keeble ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gastric Emptying Rate ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Water Condition ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion is an established strategy to improve endurance performance. Race fuels should not only sustain performance but also be readily digested and absorbed. Potatoes are a whole-food-based option that fulfills these criteria, yet their impact on performance remains unexamined. We investigated the effects of potato purée ingestion during prolonged cycling on subsequent performance vs. commercial CHO gel or a water-only condition. Twelve cyclists (70.7 ± 7.7 kg, 173 ± 8 cm, 31 ± 9 yr, 22 ± 5.1% body fat; means ± SD) with average peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak) of 60.7 ± 9.0 mL·kg−1·min−1 performed a 2-h cycling challenge (60–85% V̇o2peak) followed by a time trial (TT; 6 kJ/kg body mass) while consuming potato, gel, or water in a randomized-crossover design. The race fuels were administered with [U-13C6]glucose for an indirect estimate of gastric emptying rate. Blood samples were collected throughout the trials. Blood glucose concentrations were higher ( P < 0.001) in potato and gel conditions compared with water condition. Blood lactate concentrations were higher ( P = 0.001) after the TT completion in both CHO conditions compared with water condition. TT performance was improved ( P = 0.032) in both potato (33.0 ± 4.5 min) and gel (33.0 ± 4.2 min) conditions compared with water condition (39.5 ± 7.9 min). Moreover, no difference was observed in TT performance between CHO conditions ( P = 1.00). In conclusion, potato and gel ingestion equally sustained blood glucose concentrations and TT performance. Our results support the effective use of potatoes to support race performance for trained cyclists. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The ingestion of concentrated carbohydrate gels during prolonged exercise has been shown to promote carbohydrate availability and improve exercise performance. Our study aim was to expand and diversify race fueling menus for athletes by providing an evidence-based whole-food alternative to the routine ingestion of gels during training and competition. Our work shows that russet potato ingestion during prolonged cycling is as effective as carbohydrate gels to support exercise performance in trained athletes.

scholarly journals The Effect of Moderate Glycemic Energy Bar Consumption on Blood Glucose and Mood in Dancers

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick Brown ◽  
Matthew Wyon
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Contemporary Dance ◽  
Dance Class ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Energy Bar ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
The Impact

Ingesting quality carbohydrates has been shown to be essential for dancers. Given that most dance classes take place in the morning, it has been recommended that dancers eat a well-balanced breakfast containing carbohydrates, fats, and protein as a means of fueling this activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a moderate glycemic index energy (MGI) bar or a fasting condition on dancers’ blood glucose levels and perceived pleasure-displeasure response during the first dance class of the day. In a randomized counterbalanced design, 10 female preprofessional dance students took their regular scheduled contemporary dance class, on four separate occasions. On each occasion, they consumed either a commercially prepared carbohydrate (CHO)-dense energy bar (47.3 g CHO) or water (FAST). Plasma glucose responses and pleasure-displeasure affect were measured before and at two time points during the class. Dancers who consumed the MGI bar had significantly greater peak blood glucose levels at all time points than those who fasted (p<0.05). Regarding affective state measures, participants who had breakfast had significantly greater pleasure scores than those who only ingested water (p<0.05). In conclusion, results suggest that CHO with an MGI value positively impacts blood glucose concentrations during a dance class. Further, we conclude that skipping breakfast can have an unfavorable effect on the pleasure-displeasure state of dancers. These findings highlight the impact of breakfast on how one feels, as well as the physiological and metabolic benefits of CHO as an exogenous energy source in dancers.

Perioperative blood glucose concentrations in kittens following overnight fasting and gonadectomy

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 344-348
Author(s):  
Danielle N Semick ◽  
Stephanie L Shaver ◽  
Heather N Cornell ◽  
Nancy C Bradley ◽  
Rachael E Kreisler
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Prolonged Fast ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Objectives The objective of this study was to determine if hypoglycemia is an effect of overnight fasting and gonadectomy in kittens, as well as to determine predictors of baseline and postoperative blood glucose. Methods This was a prospective observational study. Seventy-five kittens between the age of 8 and 16 weeks undergoing routine castration or ovariohysterectomy at an animal shelter were included. Two blood glucose measurements were analyzed per kitten after an overnight fast: a baseline reading prior to preoperative examination, and a reading immediately postoperatively. Predictors of the baseline and postoperative blood glucose levels were determined using multi-level mixed-effects linear regression. Results Kittens, when fasted overnight, were not hypoglycemic (<60 mg/dl). No kittens exhibited clinical signs consistent with hypoglycemia. No kittens had a blood glucose <70 mg/dl postoperatively. Postoperative hyperglycemia (>150 mg/dl) was observed in 44% of kittens. The only predictor of fasted blood glucose levels was body condition score. The only predictor of postoperative blood glucose levels was the fasting blood glucose value. Conclusions and relevance Overnight fasting prior to elective sterilization in 8- to 16-week-old kittens did not result in hypoglycemia. Concern regarding hypoglycemia after a prolonged fast in kittens may be unwarranted for short procedures in healthy animals.

scholarly journals Peripherally administered KP-10 prevents development of insulin-induced hypoglycemic shock in diabetic rhesus monkeys

2019 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-346
Author(s):  
IZ Qureshi ◽  
I Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Insulin Administration ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Respective Treatment ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Aim This study investigated whether kisspeptin-10 (KP-10) prevents diabetic rhesus monkeys from insulin-induced hypoglycemic shock. Materials and methods Thirty-six adult male rhesus monkeys were used, six in each group. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (45 mg/kg b.w.; single dose i.v.). Groups were as: saline control, insulin alone, pre-insulin (treated with KP-10, 30 min before insulin), post-insulin (treated with KP-10, 30 min after insulin), treated with premix dose of KP-10 (50 μg) and insulin, and the group treated with the kisspeptin antagonist P234 (50 μg). Following an overnight fast, each animal was subjected to respective treatment, and blood glucose concentrations were recorded every 30-min interval for 3 h. Results Intergroup comparisons demonstrated that treatment with KP-10 prior to insulin administration and kisspeptin–insulin premix treatment allowed blood glucose levels to rise to significantly higher levels (p < 0.001) by 180 min in diabetic and healthy animals compared to treatment with insulin alone. However, intragroup comparisons revealed a significant decrease in blood glucose level in diabetic animals only. Treatment with P234 antagonist followed by insulin administration abolished the preventive action of kisspeptin, whereby blood glucose decreased significantly (p < 0.001) in both diabetic and healthy animals. KP-10 post-insulin treatment, however, remained ineffective and led, instead, to significantly decreased glucose concentrations by 180 min in both diabetic and healthy animals when compared to animals treated with insulin alone. Conclusions KP-10 bears therapeutic potential to prevent hypoglycemic shock that may sometimes occur during intensive insulin therapy. Several pharmacological aspects of its interaction with insulin and other drugs, however, remain to be investigated.

Evidence that increased glucose cycling in islets of diabetic ob/ob mice is a primary feature of the disease

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (4) ◽  
pp. E623-E626 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Khan ◽  
S. Efendic
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Insulin Release ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Old Mice ◽  
Diabetic Syndrome

Glucose cycling (GC) is increased in pancreatic islets from hyperglycemic 6-mo-old ob/ob mice. We determined whether normalization of glycemia alters islet GC and insulin release in response to glucose as well as oxidation and utilization of the glucose. Mice were treated with phlorizin in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 10 days, which resulted in normalization of blood glucose concentrations. Controls received DMSO. The mice were fasted overnight and killed, and their islets were isolated for measurements of insulin release at 5.5 and 16.7 mM glucose and at 16.7 mM glucose plus 10 mM arginine. GC was measured by the incorporation of 3H from 3H2O into carbon 2 of glucose, glucose oxidation by the yield of 14CO2 from [U-14C]glucose, and glucose utilization by the yield of 3H2O from [5-3H]glucose. Phlorizin treatment did not alter the response of insulin to glucose and to glucose plus arginine. GC was 30% in control and phlorizin-treated animals. Glucose oxidation and utilization were also the same in both groups. In fed 10- to 12-mo-old mice exhibiting a broad range of blood glucose levels, there was no correlation between GC and either insulin release or glucose concentrations. Thus the islets of ob/ob mice exhibit an increased rate of GC regardless of glycemia. This indicates that the increased rate of GC is an important characteristic of the diabetic syndrome in these animals and not simply secondary to hyperglycemia.

scholarly journals Neonatal Hypoglycemia: A Continuing Debate in Definition and Management

PRILOZI ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orhideja Stomnaroska-Damcevski ◽  
Elizabeta Petkovska ◽  
Snezana Jancevska ◽  
Dragan Danilovski
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Neonatal Hypoglycemia ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Low Glucose ◽  
Adaptation Processes ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Abstract Neonatal hypoglycemia (NH) is one of the most common abnormalities encountered in the newborn. Maintaining glucose homeostasis is one of the important physiological events during fetal-to-neonatal transition. Transient low blood glucose concentrations are frequently encountered in the majority of healthy newborns and are the reflections of normal metabolic adaptation processes. Nevertheless, there is a great concern that prolonged or recurrent low blood glucose levels may result in long-term neurological and developmental consequences. Strikingly, it was demonstrated that the incidence and timing of low glucose concentrations in the groups most at risk for asymptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia, did not find association between repetitive low glucose concentrations and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. On the contrary, NH due to hyperinsulinism is strongly associated with brain injury. Fundamental issue of great professional controversy is concerning the best manner to manage asymptomatic newborns NH. Both, overtreating NH and undertreating NH are poles with significant potential disadvantages. Therefore, NH is one of the most important issues in the day-to-day practice. This article appraises the critical questions of definition (widely accepted blood glucose concentration: < 2.6 mmol/l or 47 mg/dl), follow-up ad management of NH.

scholarly journals The influence of maternal glycaemia and dietary glycaemic index on pregnancy outcome in healthy mothers

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciara A. McGowan ◽  
Fionnuala M. McAuliffe
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Fetal Macrosomia ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Infant Birth

Infant birth weight has increased in Ireland in recent years along with levels of childhood overweight and obesity. The present article reviews the current literature on maternal glycaemia and the role of the dietary glycaemic index (GI) and its impact on pregnancy outcomes. It is known that maternal weight and weight gain significantly influence infant birth weight. Fetal macrosomia (birth weight >4000 g) is associated with an increased risk of perinatal trauma to both mother and infant. Furthermore, macrosomic infants have greater risk of being obese in childhood, adolescence and adulthood compared to normal-sized infants. There is evidence that there is a direct relationship between maternal blood glucose levels during pregnancy and fetal growth and size at birth, even when maternal blood glucose levels are within their normal range. Thus, maintaining blood glucose concentrations within normal parameters during pregnancy may reduce the incidence of fetal macrosomia. Maternal diet, and particularly its carbohydrate (CHO) type and content, influences maternal blood glucose concentrations. However, different CHO foods produce different glycaemic responses. The GI was conceived by Jenkins in 1981 as a method for assessing the glycaemic responses of different CHO. Data from clinical studies in healthy pregnant women have documented that consuming a low-GI diet during pregnancy reduces peaks in postprandial glucose levels and normalises infant birth weight. Pregnancy is a physiological condition where the GI may be of particular relevance as glucose is the primary fuel for fetal growth.

Severe Hyperglycemia During Renally Adjusted Gatifloxacin Therapy

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1349-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L Blommel ◽  
Ronald A Lutes
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Renal Dysfunction ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Undiagnosed Diabetes ◽  
Nondiabetic Patient ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

OBJECTIVE To report a case of severe hyperglycemia in a nondiabetic patient receiving gatifloxacin that was properly dosed based on renal function. CASE SUMMARY A 65-year-old nondiabetic female with progressive renal dysfunction was admitted for severe hyperglycemia. The patient had received 9 days of a 10-day course of renally adjusted therapy with gatifloxacin 200 mg/day for bronchitis. Her blood glucose level on admission was 1121 mg/dL, at which point the gatifloxacin was discontinued. After several days of intensive insulin therapy, the blood glucose levels returned to normal, and the patient was subsequently discharged. DISCUSSION Gatifloxacin-induced hyperglycemia has been reported in the literature, but based on a MEDLINE search (1966–December 2004), no such cases were found in a nondiabetic patient receiving the proper gatifloxacin dose, adjusted for degree of renal insufficiency. The available case reports seem to suggest the increase in blood glucose concentrations could have been precipitated by high drug concentrations in patients not receiving the renally adjusted dose or in those with preexisting, undiagnosed diabetes. A definite mechanism of action for gatifloxacin-induced hyperglycemia is not known. The Naranjo probability scale revealed a probable adverse reaction of hyperglycemia associated with gatifloxacin therapy. CONCLUSIONS Healthcare professionals should be more aware of the possible development of hyperglycemia in all patients taking gatifloxacin, including those who are not diabetic and those receiving appropriately reduced doses for renal dysfunction.

A Comparison of Three Injectable Corticosteroids for the Treatment of Patients with Seasonal Hay Fever

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bengt O Ohlander ◽  
Roy E Hansson ◽  
Karl-Erik Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Betamethasone Dipropionate ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Methylprednisolone Acetate ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Single Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Endogenous Cortisol ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Three injectable corticosteroids, betamethasone dipropionate betamethasone disodium phosphate and betamethasone acetate, and methylprednisolone acetate, were compared for onset and duration of action in patients with severe seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. The sixty patients who were entered into the trial had been well-studied in our allergy clinic. They were assigned, on the basis of a random number code, to treatment with one of the corticosteroids. Following a single intramuscular injection with one of the preparations, plasma Cortisol and blood glucose concentrations also were compared at days 1, 2-3, 5-7 and 14. All three preparations improved the nasal symptoms. There were no individual differences with respect to onset or to duration of action. However, there were some differences in the effects on endogenous Cortisol production and on blood glucose levels. Two of the preparations, betamethasone dipropionate and methylprednisolone acetate, suppressed endogenous Cortisol for more than 14 days, while betamethasone phosphate/acetate did not suppress Cortisol beyond 12 days. Betamethasone dipropionate produced a moderate increase in blood glucose concentrations for the first two days after administration; betamethasone phosphate/acetate caused an increase for one day and methylprednisolone acetate had no effect.

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