scholarly journals The influence of maternal glycaemia and dietary glycaemic index on pregnancy outcome in healthy mothers

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciara A. McGowan ◽  
Fionnuala M. McAuliffe
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Fetal Macrosomia ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Infant Birth

Infant birth weight has increased in Ireland in recent years along with levels of childhood overweight and obesity. The present article reviews the current literature on maternal glycaemia and the role of the dietary glycaemic index (GI) and its impact on pregnancy outcomes. It is known that maternal weight and weight gain significantly influence infant birth weight. Fetal macrosomia (birth weight >4000 g) is associated with an increased risk of perinatal trauma to both mother and infant. Furthermore, macrosomic infants have greater risk of being obese in childhood, adolescence and adulthood compared to normal-sized infants. There is evidence that there is a direct relationship between maternal blood glucose levels during pregnancy and fetal growth and size at birth, even when maternal blood glucose levels are within their normal range. Thus, maintaining blood glucose concentrations within normal parameters during pregnancy may reduce the incidence of fetal macrosomia. Maternal diet, and particularly its carbohydrate (CHO) type and content, influences maternal blood glucose concentrations. However, different CHO foods produce different glycaemic responses. The GI was conceived by Jenkins in 1981 as a method for assessing the glycaemic responses of different CHO. Data from clinical studies in healthy pregnant women have documented that consuming a low-GI diet during pregnancy reduces peaks in postprandial glucose levels and normalises infant birth weight. Pregnancy is a physiological condition where the GI may be of particular relevance as glucose is the primary fuel for fetal growth.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Gestational Diabetes Metabolic Control and Fetal Autonomic Regulation, Movement and Birth Weight

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 3378
Author(s):  
Janine Zöllkau ◽  
Laura Swiderski ◽  
Alexander Schmidt ◽  
Friederike Weschenfelder ◽  
Tanja Groten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Control ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Autonomic Control ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
The Relationship

(1) Background: Maternal metabolic control in gestational diabetes is suggested to influence fetal autonomic control and movement activity, which may have fetal outcome implications. We aimed to analyze the relationship between maternal metabolic control, fetal autonomic heart rate regulation, activity and birth weight. (2) Methods: Prospective noninterventional longitudinal cohort monitoring study accompanying 19 patients with specialist clinical care for gestational diabetes. Monthly fetal magnetocardiography with electro-physiologically-based beat-to-beat heart rate recording for analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) and the ‘fetal movement index’ (FMI) was performed. Data were compared to 167 healthy pregnant women retrieved from our pre-existing study database. (3) Results: Fetal vagal tone was increased with gestational diabetes compared to controls, whereas sympathetic tone and FMI did not differ. Within the diabetic population, sympathetic activation was associated with higher maternal blood-glucose levels. Maternal blood-glucose levels correlated positively with birth weight z scores. FMI showed no correlation with birth weight but attenuated the positive correlation between maternal blood-glucose levels and birth weight. (4) Conclusion: Fetal autonomic control is altered by gestational diabetes and maternal blood-glucose level, even if metabolic adjustment and outcome is comparable to healthy controls.

PSIII-2 Effect of Piglet Characteristics on Blood Glucose Levels at Birth

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 154-155
Author(s):  
Rafael Ovidio Bautista Rivas ◽  
Naomi C Willard ◽  
Katherine D Vande Pol ◽  
Jenny R Morris ◽  
Alicia Olivo Espinal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Abstract Blood glucose levels in piglets at birth are potentially associated with survival, however, there has been limited research to quantify these and to establish any associations with piglet characteristics. This study, which evaluated the effects of a number of piglet characteristics on blood glucose levels at birth, was conducted as a cross-sectional survey involving 32 litters. Litter was the experimental unit; piglet was a sub-sample of litter. At birth, piglets were weighed and assigned a vitality score [1 = high vitality; 2 = low vitality (limited mobility and/or respiration)]. Piglets were then dried with a cellulose-based desiccant, and blood samples were collected from half of the piglets in each litter with a vitality score of 1 (n = 226) and all piglets with a vitality score of 2 (n = 7). Samples (1.2 μL) were collected from the vena subcutanea abdominis; blood glucose was measured using a glucometer (Accuchek Aviva; Roche Diabetes Care, Inc., Indianapolis, IN). Effects of piglet characteristics and relationships with blood glucose levels were analyzed using PROC MIXED, PROC GLIMMIX, and PROC REG of SAS, as appropriate. There were no effects (P > 0.05) of piglet birth weight or gender on blood glucose levels. Piglets with a vitality score of 2 had higher (P < 0.05) blood glucose levels than those with a score of 1. Blood glucose levels increased linearly (P < 0.05) with birth order (0.8 mg/dL for each piglet increase). In conclusion, blood glucose levels at birth were higher for piglets with low compared to high vitality and for those born later in the birth order. Further research is needed to establish relationships between blood glucose levels in piglets at birth and subsequent survival.

scholarly journals The Effect of Moderate Glycemic Energy Bar Consumption on Blood Glucose and Mood in Dancers

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick Brown ◽  
Matthew Wyon
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Contemporary Dance ◽  
Dance Class ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Energy Bar ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
The Impact

Ingesting quality carbohydrates has been shown to be essential for dancers. Given that most dance classes take place in the morning, it has been recommended that dancers eat a well-balanced breakfast containing carbohydrates, fats, and protein as a means of fueling this activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a moderate glycemic index energy (MGI) bar or a fasting condition on dancers’ blood glucose levels and perceived pleasure-displeasure response during the first dance class of the day. In a randomized counterbalanced design, 10 female preprofessional dance students took their regular scheduled contemporary dance class, on four separate occasions. On each occasion, they consumed either a commercially prepared carbohydrate (CHO)-dense energy bar (47.3 g CHO) or water (FAST). Plasma glucose responses and pleasure-displeasure affect were measured before and at two time points during the class. Dancers who consumed the MGI bar had significantly greater peak blood glucose levels at all time points than those who fasted (p<0.05). Regarding affective state measures, participants who had breakfast had significantly greater pleasure scores than those who only ingested water (p<0.05). In conclusion, results suggest that CHO with an MGI value positively impacts blood glucose concentrations during a dance class. Further, we conclude that skipping breakfast can have an unfavorable effect on the pleasure-displeasure state of dancers. These findings highlight the impact of breakfast on how one feels, as well as the physiological and metabolic benefits of CHO as an exogenous energy source in dancers.

Carbohydrate-Supplement Form and Exercise Performance

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Campbell ◽  
Diana Prince ◽  
Marlia Braun ◽  
Elizabeth Applegate ◽  
Gretchen A. Casazza
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Sports Drink ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Carbohydrate Supplement

Numerous studies have shown that ingesting carbohydrate in the form of a drink can improve exercise performance by maintaining blood glucose levels and sparing endogenous glycogen stores. The effectiveness of carbohydrate gels or jellybeans in improving endurance performance has not been examined. On 4 separate days and 1–2 hr after a standardized meal, 16 male (8; 35.8 ± 2.5 yr) and female (8; 32.4 ± 2.4 yr) athletes cycled at 75% VO2peak for 80 min followed by a 10-km time trial. Participants consumed isocaloric (0.6 g of carbohydrate per kg per hour) amounts of randomly assigned sports beans, sports drink, gel, or water only, before, during, and after exercise. Blood glucose concentrations were similar at rest between treatments and decreased significantly during exercise with the water trial only. Blood glucose concentrations for all carbohydrate supplements were significantly, p < .05, higher than water during the 80-min exercise bout and during the time trial (5.7 ± 0.2 mmol/L for sports beans, 5.6 ± 0.2 mmol/L for sports drink, 5.7 ± 0.3 mmol/L for gel, and 4.6 ± 0.3 mmol/L for water). There were no significant differences in blood glucose between carbohydrate treatments. The 10-km time trials using all 3 carbohydrate treatments were significantly faster (17.2 ± 0.6 min for sports beans, 17.3 ± 0.6 min for sports drink, and 17.3 ± 0.6 min for gel) than water (17.8 ± 0.7 min). All carbohydrate-supplement types were equally effective in maintaining blood glucose levels during exercise and improving exercise performance compared with water only.

Perioperative blood glucose concentrations in kittens following overnight fasting and gonadectomy

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 344-348
Author(s):  
Danielle N Semick ◽  
Stephanie L Shaver ◽  
Heather N Cornell ◽  
Nancy C Bradley ◽  
Rachael E Kreisler
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Prolonged Fast ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Objectives The objective of this study was to determine if hypoglycemia is an effect of overnight fasting and gonadectomy in kittens, as well as to determine predictors of baseline and postoperative blood glucose. Methods This was a prospective observational study. Seventy-five kittens between the age of 8 and 16 weeks undergoing routine castration or ovariohysterectomy at an animal shelter were included. Two blood glucose measurements were analyzed per kitten after an overnight fast: a baseline reading prior to preoperative examination, and a reading immediately postoperatively. Predictors of the baseline and postoperative blood glucose levels were determined using multi-level mixed-effects linear regression. Results Kittens, when fasted overnight, were not hypoglycemic (<60 mg/dl). No kittens exhibited clinical signs consistent with hypoglycemia. No kittens had a blood glucose <70 mg/dl postoperatively. Postoperative hyperglycemia (>150 mg/dl) was observed in 44% of kittens. The only predictor of fasted blood glucose levels was body condition score. The only predictor of postoperative blood glucose levels was the fasting blood glucose value. Conclusions and relevance Overnight fasting prior to elective sterilization in 8- to 16-week-old kittens did not result in hypoglycemia. Concern regarding hypoglycemia after a prolonged fast in kittens may be unwarranted for short procedures in healthy animals.

scholarly journals Peripherally administered KP-10 prevents development of insulin-induced hypoglycemic shock in diabetic rhesus monkeys

2019 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-346
Author(s):  
IZ Qureshi ◽  
I Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Insulin Administration ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Respective Treatment ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Aim This study investigated whether kisspeptin-10 (KP-10) prevents diabetic rhesus monkeys from insulin-induced hypoglycemic shock. Materials and methods Thirty-six adult male rhesus monkeys were used, six in each group. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (45 mg/kg b.w.; single dose i.v.). Groups were as: saline control, insulin alone, pre-insulin (treated with KP-10, 30 min before insulin), post-insulin (treated with KP-10, 30 min after insulin), treated with premix dose of KP-10 (50 μg) and insulin, and the group treated with the kisspeptin antagonist P234 (50 μg). Following an overnight fast, each animal was subjected to respective treatment, and blood glucose concentrations were recorded every 30-min interval for 3 h. Results Intergroup comparisons demonstrated that treatment with KP-10 prior to insulin administration and kisspeptin–insulin premix treatment allowed blood glucose levels to rise to significantly higher levels (p < 0.001) by 180 min in diabetic and healthy animals compared to treatment with insulin alone. However, intragroup comparisons revealed a significant decrease in blood glucose level in diabetic animals only. Treatment with P234 antagonist followed by insulin administration abolished the preventive action of kisspeptin, whereby blood glucose decreased significantly (p < 0.001) in both diabetic and healthy animals. KP-10 post-insulin treatment, however, remained ineffective and led, instead, to significantly decreased glucose concentrations by 180 min in both diabetic and healthy animals when compared to animals treated with insulin alone. Conclusions KP-10 bears therapeutic potential to prevent hypoglycemic shock that may sometimes occur during intensive insulin therapy. Several pharmacological aspects of its interaction with insulin and other drugs, however, remain to be investigated.

scholarly journals Low glycaemic index diet in patients prescribed clozapine: pilot study

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 292-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Smith ◽  
Tom White
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Random Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
The Mean

Aims and MethodThis study aimed to investigate the potential benefits of a low glycaemic index diet in patients with schizophrenia taking clozapine. Seven patients consented to participate in a 5-week pilot study. Measurements were taken of body weight, random blood glucose and cholesterol levels.ResultsThe mean weight loss per patient was 2.9 kg in 4 weeks. Random blood glucose levels reduced from a mean of 5.3 mmol/l at the beginning of the study to 4.7 mmol/l at the end.Clinical ImplicationsA low glycaemic index diet may possibly reduce the substantial cardiovascular risk in patients receiving antipsychotic medication.

scholarly journals The Consequences of Prior Initiation of Breast Feeding on Blood Glucose Levels in Neonates Born In a Tertiary Care Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Rizwan-U- Zama ◽  
Ayesha Siddiqa ◽  
A.N. Thobbi ◽  
Tehseen Sajid Mudhol ◽  
R Shruthi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Background: Hypoglycemia is the most common event of failure of metabolic adjustments in the newborn. Changes in maternal and fetal monitoring techniques, administration of glucose-containing solutions during labor, delivery and early feeding in neonates significantly alter blood glucose concentrations during the first week of postnatal life. Subjects and Methods: A total of 90 healthy (60 born by FTND, 30 born by LSCS) term, AGA infants were longitudinally evaluated at birth, at one hour after feeds (post feed), and after 6 hours of life. Plasma glucose was estimated from Heel Prick capillary samples by glucometer method. The influence of mode of delivery, the interval between feeds, sex, birth weight, on blood glucose was analyzed. Results: The way of delivery did not affect the plasma glucose concentration in neonates. There was a substantial increase in blood glucose concentration after the first feed irrespective of their birth weight. It was found that female babies had a higher blood glucose concentration than male babies during our study period. All babies maintained normal blood glucose with the continuation of breastfeeding. Conclusion: Plasma glucose levels are satisfactorily maintained in healthy term infants without resort to pre-lacteal feeds and mode of delivery did not influence plasma glucose. There is no need to check blood glucose levels routinely in an asymptomatic, healthy, term, breastfed infants.

Evidence that increased glucose cycling in islets of diabetic ob/ob mice is a primary feature of the disease

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (4) ◽  
pp. E623-E626 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Khan ◽  
S. Efendic
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Insulin Release ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Old Mice ◽  
Diabetic Syndrome

Glucose cycling (GC) is increased in pancreatic islets from hyperglycemic 6-mo-old ob/ob mice. We determined whether normalization of glycemia alters islet GC and insulin release in response to glucose as well as oxidation and utilization of the glucose. Mice were treated with phlorizin in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 10 days, which resulted in normalization of blood glucose concentrations. Controls received DMSO. The mice were fasted overnight and killed, and their islets were isolated for measurements of insulin release at 5.5 and 16.7 mM glucose and at 16.7 mM glucose plus 10 mM arginine. GC was measured by the incorporation of 3H from 3H2O into carbon 2 of glucose, glucose oxidation by the yield of 14CO2 from [U-14C]glucose, and glucose utilization by the yield of 3H2O from [5-3H]glucose. Phlorizin treatment did not alter the response of insulin to glucose and to glucose plus arginine. GC was 30% in control and phlorizin-treated animals. Glucose oxidation and utilization were also the same in both groups. In fed 10- to 12-mo-old mice exhibiting a broad range of blood glucose levels, there was no correlation between GC and either insulin release or glucose concentrations. Thus the islets of ob/ob mice exhibit an increased rate of GC regardless of glycemia. This indicates that the increased rate of GC is an important characteristic of the diabetic syndrome in these animals and not simply secondary to hyperglycemia.

scholarly journals Neonatal Hypoglycemia: A Continuing Debate in Definition and Management

PRILOZI ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orhideja Stomnaroska-Damcevski ◽  
Elizabeta Petkovska ◽  
Snezana Jancevska ◽  
Dragan Danilovski
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Neonatal Hypoglycemia ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Low Glucose ◽  
Adaptation Processes ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Abstract Neonatal hypoglycemia (NH) is one of the most common abnormalities encountered in the newborn. Maintaining glucose homeostasis is one of the important physiological events during fetal-to-neonatal transition. Transient low blood glucose concentrations are frequently encountered in the majority of healthy newborns and are the reflections of normal metabolic adaptation processes. Nevertheless, there is a great concern that prolonged or recurrent low blood glucose levels may result in long-term neurological and developmental consequences. Strikingly, it was demonstrated that the incidence and timing of low glucose concentrations in the groups most at risk for asymptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia, did not find association between repetitive low glucose concentrations and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. On the contrary, NH due to hyperinsulinism is strongly associated with brain injury. Fundamental issue of great professional controversy is concerning the best manner to manage asymptomatic newborns NH. Both, overtreating NH and undertreating NH are poles with significant potential disadvantages. Therefore, NH is one of the most important issues in the day-to-day practice. This article appraises the critical questions of definition (widely accepted blood glucose concentration: < 2.6 mmol/l or 47 mg/dl), follow-up ad management of NH.

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