scholarly journals Disordered Eating and Eating Disorders in Aquatic Sports

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 450-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Melin ◽  
Monica Klungland Torstveit ◽  
Louise Burke ◽  
Saul Marks ◽  
Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Functional Impairments ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Increased Risk

Disordered eating behavior (DE) and eating disorders (EDs) are of great concern because of their associations with physical and mental health risks and, in the case of athletes, impaired performance. The syndrome originally known as the Female Athlete Triad, which focused on the interaction of energy availability, reproductive function, and bone health in female athletes, has recently been expanded to recognize that Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) has a broader range of negative effects on body systems with functional impairments in both male and female athletes. Athletes in leanness-demanding sports have an increased risk for RED-S and for developing EDs/DE. Special risk factors in aquatic sports related to weight and body composition management include the wearing of skimpy and tight-fitting bathing suits, and in the case of diving and synchronized swimming, the involvement of subjective judgments of performance. The reported prevalence of DE and EDs in athletic populations, including athletes from aquatic sports, ranges from 18 to 45% in female athletes and from 0 to 28% in male athletes. To prevent EDs, aquatic athletes should practice healthy eating behavior at all periods of development pathway, and coaches and members of the athletes’ health care team should be able to recognize early symptoms indicating risk for energy deficiency, DE, and EDs. Coaches and leaders must accept that DE/EDs can be a problem in aquatic disciplines and that openness regarding this challenge is important.

Eating and Weight Disorders in the Female Athlete

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack H. Wilmore
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Special Populations ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Secondary Amenorrhea ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
Increased Risk

This paper presents an overview of eating disorders, including definitions, clinical criteria for appropriate diagnosis, and a discussion of the potential for increased risk for eating disorders in special populations of female athletes. This is followed by a discussion of the prevalence of eating disorders in normal and athletic populations. From this discussion, it seems clear that female athletes in endurance or appearance sports are at an increased risk for disordered eating. Finally, the paper focuses on related disorders—a triad associating eating disorders, menstrual dysfunction, and bone mineral disorders. It is clear that secondary amenorrhea is associated with malnutrition and disordered eating. Further, bone mineral disorders are related to menstrual dysfunction. Disordered eating may represent the initiating factor of this triad.

Female Hyperandrogenism in Elite Sports and the Athletic Triad

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Disorders Of Sex Development ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Menstrual Disorders ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Sex Development ◽  
Endocrine Disturbances ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractEssential hyperandrogenism seems to be overrepresented in female elite athletes. This applies to mild forms such as polycystic ovary syndrome, as well as rare differences/disorders of sex development (DSD). The reason is likely a selection bias since there is increasing evidence that androgens are beneficial for athletic performance by potent anabolic effects on muscle mass and bone mass, and stimulation of erythropoiesis. XY DSD may cause a greatly increased production of testosterone in the male range, that is, 10 to 20 times higher than the normal female range. The established regulations concerning the eligibility of female athletes with severe hyperandrogenism to compete in the female classification remain controversial. The most common cause of menstrual disorders in female athletes, however, is probably an acquired functional hypothalamic disturbance due to energy deficiency in relation to energy expenditure, which could lead to low bone mineral density and increased risk of injury. This condition is particularly common in endurance and esthetic sports, where a lean body composition is considered an advantage for physical performance. It is important to carefully evaluate endocrine disturbances and menstrual disorders in athletes since the management should be specific according to the underlying cause.

Features of eating behavior and social anxiety in women who negatively assess their appearance

2021 ◽  
pp. 172-181
Author(s):  
Zhanna Robertovna Gardanova ◽  
Svetlana Andreevna Kalina ◽  
Dmitriy Fedorovich Khritinin ◽  
Mikhail Anatolievich Nekrasov ◽  
Evgeniya Vitalievna Dementieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Psychological Help ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Ideal Image ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Body Image Disorders ◽  
Seeking Psychological Help

In the conditions of rapid development and increasing the accessibility of the beauty industry, a person forms an ideal image of himself, which must be met. The consequences are expressed by the widespread dissatisfaction in the society with the appearance inherent in people of any age and representing a potential threat to physical and mental health. In order to study the peculiarities of eating behavior in women who negatively assess their appearance, a psychodiagnosis of a sample of 98 women aged 18 to 60 years was conducted with the study of assessing attitudes to their own bodies, assessing eating behavior, and assessing the level of social anxiety. As a result of the data obtained, the importance of timely diagnosis of manifestations of social anxiety for people seeking psychological help with the aim of correcting eating behavior, low self-esteem, dissatisfaction and dissatisfaction with their bodies, non-acceptance of their appearance, and also people who have an increased risk of eating disorders and body image disorders.

Cognitive Mapping: Its Use as an Assessment Tool for Disordered Eating

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Kristin L. Wiginton ◽  
Deborah Rhea
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Cognitive Mapping ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Disordered Eating Behaviors ◽  
Preventive Practices ◽  
The Impact

The incidence of eating disorders among female athletes continues to increase, presenting intervention challenges to athletic trainers. Additionally, a number of female athletes have disordered eating behaviors that do not yet constitute an eating disorder diagnosis, but have similar characteristics to those athletes diagonised with eating disorders. However, each athlete exhibits individual mental representations of disordered eating and the impact of those representations on important aspects of her life. The athletic trainer has the potential to offer comprehensive preventive education when all aspects of the athlete’s own understanding of disordered eating are assessed. Cognitive mapping is an assessment technique that can be used in addition to other preventive practices and can be useful in determining an athlete’s current mental representations of disordered eating.

Are female athletes at increased risk for disordered eating and its complications?

Appetite ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Morgado de Oliveira Coelho ◽  
Eliane de Abreu Soares ◽  
Beatriz Gonçalves Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Increased Risk

Screening for Disordered Eating and Eating Disorders in Female Athletes

2013 ◽  
pp. 191-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Mitchell ◽  
Jacalyn J. Robert-McComb
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Female Athletes

Low energy availability surrogates correlate with health and performance consequences of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 628-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn E Ackerman ◽  
Bryan Holtzman ◽  
Katherine M Cooper ◽  
Erin F Flynn ◽  
Georgie Bruinvels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Performance Consequences ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Low Energy Availability

Low energy availability (EA) is suspected to be the underlying cause of both the Female Athlete Triad and the more recently defined syndrome, Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). The International Olympic Committee (IOC) defined RED-S as a syndrome of health and performance impairments resulting from an energy deficit. While the importance of adequate EA is generally accepted, few studies have attempted to understand whether low EA is associated with the health and performance consequences posited by the IOC.ObjectiveThe purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association of low EA with RED-S health and performance consequences in a large clinical population of female athletes.MethodsOne thousand female athletes (15–30 years) completed an online questionnaire and were classified as having low or adequate EA. The associations between low EA and the health and performance factors listed in the RED-S models were evaluated using chi-squared test and the odds ratios were evaluated using binomial logistic regression (p<0.05).ResultsAthletes with low EA were more likely to be classified as having increased risk of menstrual dysfunction, poor bone health, metabolic issues, haematological detriments, psychological disorders, cardiovascular impairment and gastrointestinal dysfunction than those with adequate EA. Performance variables associated with low EA included decreased training response, impaired judgement, decreased coordination, decreased concentration, irritability, depression and decreased endurance performance.ConclusionThese findings demonstrate that low EA measured using self-report questionnaires is strongly associated with many health and performance consequences proposed by the RED-S models.

scholarly journals The pathophysiological basis of bone tissue alterations associated with eating disorders

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela A. Greco ◽  
Andrea Lenzi ◽  
Silvia Migliaccio
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Bone Density ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Low Bone Density ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Severe Reduction ◽  
Tissue Alterations

AbstractAnorexia nervosa (AN) and obesity are two major eating disorders present nowadays in Western countries. They are both characterized by striking body composition variations and hormonal alterations, which impact on skeletal metabolism, inducing bone tissue modifications and, thus, often cause an increased risk for fractures. AN and obesity are characterized by a severe reduction in fat mass and a high expression of it, respectively, and in both conditions hormones secreted or modulated by body fat content are important determinants of low bone density, impaired bone structure and reduced bone strength. In addition, in both AN and obesity, increased marrow adiposity, which correlates with low bone density, has been observed. This review will discuss the pathophysiological basis of bone alterations associated with AN and obesity, conditions of extreme energy deficiency and excess, respectively.

scholarly journals A Critical Review of Eating Disorders in Female Athletes and Evidence-based Interventions for Sports Coaches

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Burton
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Additional Risk Factor ◽  
Weight Class ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Sports Coaches

Eating disorders (ED) are serious mental disorders, which can have serious health consequences and high mortality rates. Due to facing unique risk factors female athletes have increased susceptibility for ED. Female athletes are also at risk for subclinical conditions such as the Female Athlete Triad. There is a dearth of studies on preventing and identifying ED in female athletes and the role and responsibility of the sports coach is unclear. This study aimed to address the questions of whether female athletes are at increased risk for ED, what interventions currently show promise and what is the role of the sports coach in the intervention process. The study was based on a systematic review of relevant literature retrieved through PubMed and Sports Discus databases. Despite heterogeneity in prevalence studies, findings suggest that female athletes are at higher risk than male athletes and non-athletes and those in elite level sports or sports categorised as lean, aesthetic, endurance and weight-class are at increased risk for clinical and subclinical ED. Risk-factors unique to the sports environment such as weight pressures, competitive thinness and revealing uniforms, may lead to increased risk in female athletes. Despite a dearth of studies on interventions for ED in sport, findings suggest that primary prevention programs based on educating athletes such as ATHENA show most promise in prevention. Secondary prevention should focus on early identification using athlete-specific screening tools. Symptom checklists and pre-participation examinations can also assist coaches in early identification. Psychotherapy interventions such as CBT have had the best results for treatment. Sports coaches’ play a critical role in, early identification, referral, management and prevention of ED in female athletes. However, current findings suggest that many coaches lack knowledge about ED and require education to be able to intervene successfully in female athletes with ED. Inappropriate coaching behaviours have also been found to act as an additional risk-factor for ED. Recommendations for sports coaches in N.I. are provided to assist them in successful intervention, management and return to play of female athletes with ED.

scholarly journals Childhood life events and disturbed eating behaviors in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Thomas ◽  
E Diemer ◽  
R Siliquini ◽  
P W Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Restrained Eating ◽  
Disordered Eating Behaviors ◽  
Adjusted Model

Abstract Background Adversities such as maltreatment and physical and emotional abuse are recognized risk factors for eating disorders (EDs) in adolescents and adults, but whether such adversities are also associated with eating behaviors in childhood has been less explored. Our aim was to examine whether a wide range of life events can predict emotional overeating and restrained eating in childhood, which are potential precursors of EDs. Methods The study is embedded in Generation R, a prospective population-based cohort. The sample included 4653 children aged 10 years. Emotional overeating was assessed with the Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire, and restrained eating with the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Mothers reported the occurrence of 24 adverse events in their offspring’s childhood. Regression analyses were conducted, both unadjusted and adjusted for gender, ethnicity, and parental education and psychopathology. Results Unadjusted models showed that a higher number of life events is associated with more emotional overeating and more restrained eating; effect estimates attenuated slightly in the adjusted model, but remained significant (per 1 more life event: B = 0.05, 95%CI 0.02-0.08; B = 0.04, 95%CI 0.02-0.07, respectively). Particularly, participants who experienced at least 3 life events had high levels of emotional overeating and restrained eating (adjusted model: B = 0.20, 95%CI 0.06-0.33; B = 0.21, 95%CI 0.08-0.33, respectively). The specific maltreatment related life events were not significantly associated with eating behaviors, probably due to low prevalence of these events (n = 149). Conclusions This novel, population-based study shows that early life adversities may predict disordered eating behaviors in childhood. The results are in line with clinical studies on life events and EDs. If the studied eating behaviors are indeed precursors of EDs, these results may offer potential for prevention and early intervention to avoid the development of full-blown EDs. Key messages Eating disorders account for more than 2% of the global disease burden, thus representing a major Public Mental Health topic in the EU; more and new measures are required for early detection purposes. Life adversities predict disordered eating behaviors in childhood, which are considered precursors of eating disorders: early detection of this association may avoid development of eating disorders.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document