Determining the Force-Length-Velocity Relations of the Quadriceps Muscles: I. Anatomical and Geometric Parameters

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Chow ◽  
Warren G. Darling ◽  
James C. Ehrhardt
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Moment Arm ◽  
Anatomical Position ◽  
Moment Arms ◽  
Effective Moment

The purpose of this study was to determine the coordinates of the origin and insertion, muscle volumes, lengths, lines of action, and effective moment arm of the quadriceps muscles in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and radiography for a pilot study involving musculoskeletal modeling. Two magnetic resonance scans were performed, and axial images were obtained for the left thigh of a female subject in the anatomical position to measure muscle volume, coordinates of the origin and insertion, and muscle belly length at the anatomical position of each quadriceps muscle. Six knee radiographs were used to determine the effective moment arm of the quadriceps force at different knee flexion angles. A combination of MRI and radiography data was used to compute the muscle lengths at different knee flexion angles. The coordinates of the vastus lateralis, muscle volumes of individual quadriceps muscles, and effective moment arms were clearly different from the corresponding values from cadaver data reported in the literature. These comparisons demonstrate the advantages of using personalized muscle parameters instead of those collected from cadavers and dry-bone specimens.

scholarly journals Plantarflexor Moment Arms Estimated From Tendon Excursion In Vivo Are Not Well Correlated With Geometric Measurements

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh R Baxter ◽  
Stephen J Piazza
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Moment Arm ◽  
Moment Arms ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Tendon Excursion

AbstractGeometric and tendon excursion methods have both been used extensively for estimating plantarflexor muscle moment arm in vivo. Geometric measures often utilize magnetic resonance imaging, which can be costly and impractical for many investigations. Estimating moment arm from tendon excursion measured with ultrasonography may provide a cost-effective alternative to geometric measures of moment arm, but how well such measures represent geometry-based moment arms remains in question. The purpose of this study was to determine whether moment arms from tendon excursion can serve as a surrogate for moment arms measured geometrically. Magnetic resonance and ultrasound imaging were performed on 19 young male subjects to quantify plantarflexor moment arm based on geometric and tendon excursion paradigms, respectively. These measurements were only moderately correlated (R2 = 0.21, p = 0.052), and moment arm from tendon excursion under-approximated geometric moment arm by nearly 40% (p < 0.001). This moderate correlation between methods is at odds with a prior report (N = 9) of a very strong correlation (R2 = 0.94) in a similar study. Therefore, we performed 92,378 regression analyses (19 choose 9) to determine if such a strong correlation existed in our study population. We found that certain sub-populations of the current study generated similarly strong coefficients of determination (R2 = 0.92), but 84% of all analyses revealed no correlation (p > 0.05). Our results suggest that the moment arms from musculoskeletal geometry cannot be otherwise obtained by simply scaling moment arms estimated from tendon excursion.

scholarly journals Exercise-induced AMPK activation does not interfere with muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training in men

2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 611-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommy R. Lundberg ◽  
Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo ◽  
Per A. Tesch
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Myostatin Gene

As aerobic exercise (AE) may interfere with adaptations to resistance exercise (RE), this study explored acute and chronic responses to consecutive AE (∼45 min cycling) and RE (4 × 7 maximal knee extensions) vs. RE only. Ten men performed acute unilateral AE + RE interspersed by 15 min recovery. The contralateral leg was subjected to RE. This exercise paradigm was then implemented in a 5-wk training program. Protein phosphorylation, gene expression, and glycogen content were assessed in biopsies obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle of both legs immediately before and 3 h after acute RE. Quadriceps muscle size and in vivo torque were measured, and muscle samples were analyzed for citrate synthase activity and glycogen concentration, before and after training. Acute AE reduced glycogen content (32%; P < 0.05) and increased ( P < 0.05) phosphorylation of AMPK (1.5-fold) and rpS6 (1.3-fold). Phosphorylation of p70S6K and 4E-BP1 remained unchanged. Myostatin gene expression was downregulated after acute AE + RE but not RE. Muscle size showed greater ( P < 0.05) increase after AE + RE (6%) than RE (3%) training. Citrate synthase activity (18%) and endurance performance (22%) increased ( P < 0.05) after AE + RE but not RE. While training increased ( P < 0.05) in vivo muscle strength in both legs, normalized and concentric torque increased after RE only. Thus AE activates AMPK, reduces glycogen stores, and impairs the progression of concentric force, yet muscle hypertrophic responses to chronic RE training appear not to be compromised.

scholarly journals Changes in sarcomere lengths of the human vastus lateralis muscle with knee flexion measured using in vivo microendoscopy

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (13) ◽  
pp. 2989-2994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuefeng Chen ◽  
Gabriel N. Sanchez ◽  
Mark J. Schnitzer ◽  
Scott L. Delp
Keyword(s):  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Lateralis Muscle

Effect of hormonal and substrate backgrounds on cell membrane function in normal males

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 1107-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Fantini ◽  
J. P. Roberts ◽  
S. F. Lowry ◽  
J. D. Albert ◽  
K. J. Tracey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Resting Membrane Potential ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Epinephrine Infusion ◽  
Membrane Function ◽  
Tibialis Muscle ◽  
Group B

Hormonal and substrate influences on in vivo cellular membrane function were evaluated in 15 healthy male volunteers. Each subject underwent serial evaluations of membrane function in the anterior tibialis muscle, as assessed by transcutaneous measurement of resting membrane potential (Em). Group A subjects (n = 9) underwent measurement of resting Em in the basal state and again during the 10th day of intravenous feeding (IVF). Group B subjects (n = 6) underwent measurement of resting Em in the basal state during epinephrine infusion and again during epinephrine infusion on the 7th day of IVF. Percutaneous needle biopsy of the vastus lateralis muscle permitted calculation of transmembrane electrolyte distribution from the Nernst equation, using the measured Em and the chloride space method. Hospitalization with intake of a defined-formula enteral diet for 3 days resulted in depolarization (P less than 0.05) of resting Em (-75.3 +/- 1.6 mV) compared with normal (-79.8 +/- 0.9 mV). Despite 10 days of subsequent IVF, further depolarization (P less than 0.05) of resting Em (-71.2 +/- 1.2 mV) was observed. In the dual presence of IVF and exogenous epinephrine infusion, there was an increase (P less than 0.05) in intracellular potassium concentration and repolarization of resting Em (-80.6 +/- 0.8 mV) to normal levels. These data indicate that hormonal background and substrate availability contribute to the in vivo modulation of cellular membrane function in human skeletal muscle, possibly through facilitation of sodium-dependent amino acid transport across the cell membrane.

Optimization of Quadriceps Force Distribution for Minimization of Patellofemoral Contact Pressure During a Squat

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aarthi S. Shankar ◽  
Trent M. Guess
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Muscle Forces

Patellofemoral Pain (PFP) syndrome is a very common knee disorder. A possible cause may be excessive lateral force applied by the quadriceps and the patellar tendon producing an abnormal distribution of force and pressure within the patellofemoral joint [1]. EMG and in-vivo studies have been conducted to understand the function of the quadriceps and its relationship with PFP [2,3]. These studies suggest a strong relationship between muscle forces and PFP which originates from high lateral retropatellar contact forces. A dynamic computational model of the knee was developed which includes the quadriceps muscles Rectus Femoris (RF), Vastus Intermedius (VI), Vastus Lateralis (VL), and Vastus Medialis (VM) represented as force vectors. The model can predict retro-patellar contact pressures and the action of the individual quadriceps muscles based on the predicted pressures. The objective of this study was to develop a control system which could optimize the distribution of quadriceps muscle forces to minimize contact pressure between the patella and the femur of the knee during a squat.

In vivo estimation of contraction velocity of human vastus lateralis muscle during “isokinetic” action

2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 851-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Ichinose ◽  
Y. Kawakami ◽  
M. Ito ◽  
H. Kanehisa ◽  
T. Fukunaga
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Shortening Velocity ◽  
Full Extension ◽  
Fascicle Length ◽  
Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Angular Velocities

To determine the shortening velocities of fascicles of the vastus lateralis muscle (VL) during isokinetic knee extension, six male subjects were requested to extend the knee with maximal effort at angular velocities of 30 and 150°/s. By using an ultrasonic apparatus, longitudinal images of the VL were produced every 30 ms during knee extension, and the fascicle length and angle of pennation were obtained from these images. The shortening fascicle length with extension of the knee (from 98 to 13° of knee angle; full extension = 0°) was greater (43 mm) at 30°/s than at 150°/s (35 mm). Even when the angular velocity remained constant during the isokinetic range of motion, the fascicle velocity was found to change from 39 to 77 mm/s at 150°/s and from 6 to 19 mm/s at 30°/s. The force exerted by a fascicle changed with the length of the fascicle at changing angular velocities. The peak values of fascicle force and velocity were observed at ∼90 mm of fascicle length. In conclusion, even if the angular velocity of knee extension is kept constant, the shortening velocity of a fascicle is dependent on the force applied to the muscle-tendon complex, and the phenomenon is considered to be caused mainly by the elongation of the elastic element (tendinous tissue).

Additive effects of cortisol and growth hormone on regional and systemic lipolysis in humans

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (3) ◽  
pp. E488-E494 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Djurhuus ◽  
C. H. Gravholt ◽  
S. Nielsen ◽  
S. B. Pedersen ◽  
N. Møller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose ◽  
In Vivo Effects ◽  
Circulating Levels

Growth hormone (GH) and cortisol are important to ensure energy supplies during fasting and stress. In vitro experiments have raised the question whether GH and cortisol mutually potentiate lipolysis. In the present study, combined in vivo effects of GH and cortisol on adipose and muscle tissue were explored. Seven lean males were examined four times over 510 min. Microdialysis catheters were inserted in the vastus lateralis muscle and in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the thigh and abdomen. A pancreatic-pituitary clamp was maintained with somatostatin infusion and replacement of GH, insulin, and glucagon at baseline levels. At t = 150 min, administration was performed of NaCl (I), a 2 μg·kg-1·min-1hydrocortisone infusion (II), a 200-μg bolus of GH (III), or a combination of II and III (IV). Systemic free fatty acid (FFA) turnover was estimated by [9,10-3H]palmitate appearance. Circulating levels of glucose, insulin, and glucagon were comparable in I-IV. GH levels were similar in I and II (0.50 ± 0.08 μg/l, mean ± SE). Peak levels during III and IV were ∼9 μg/l. Cortisol levels rose to ∼900 nmol/l in II and IV. Systemic (i.e., palmitate fluxes, s-FFA, s-glycerol) and regional (interstitial adipose tissue and skeletal muscle) markers of lipolysis increased in response to both II and III. In IV, they were higher and equal to the isolated additive effects of the two hormones. In conclusion, we find that GH and cortisol stimulate systemic and regional lipolysis independently and in an additive manner when coadministered. On the basis of previous studies, we speculate that the mode of action is mediated though different pathways.

scholarly journals In vivo activation of ROCK1 by insulin is impaired in skeletal muscle of humans with type 2 diabetes

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (3) ◽  
pp. E536-E542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwang-Hoon Chun ◽  
Kang-Duk Choi ◽  
Dae-Ho Lee ◽  
YoonShin Jung ◽  
Robert R. Henry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Kinase Domain ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Resistance To Insulin ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

To determine whether serine/threonine ROCK1 is activated by insulin in vivo in humans and whether impaired activation of ROCK1 could play a role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, we measured the activity of ROCK1 and the protein content of the Rho family in vastus lateralis muscle of lean, obese nondiabetic, and obese type 2 diabetic subjects. Biopsies were taken after an overnight fast and after a 3-h hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Insulin-stimulated GDR was reduced 38% in obese nondiabetic subjects compared with lean, 62% in obese diabetic subjects compared with lean, and 39% in obese diabetic compared with obese nondiabetic subjects (all comparisons P < 0.001). Insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation is impaired 41–48% in diabetic subjects compared with lean or obese subjects. Basal activity of ROCK1 was similar in all groups. Insulin increased ROCK1 activity 2.1-fold in lean and 1.7-fold in obese nondiabetic subjects in muscle. However, ROCK1 activity did not increase in response to insulin in muscle of obese type 2 diabetic subjects without change in ROCK1 protein levels. Importantly, insulin-stimulated ROCK1 activity was positively correlated with insulin-mediated GDR in lean subjects ( P < 0.01) but not in obese or type 2 diabetic subjects. Moreover, RhoE GTPase that inhibits the catalytic activity of ROCK1 by binding to the kinase domain of the enzyme is notably increased in obese type 2 diabetic subjects, accounting for defective ROCK1 activity. Thus, these data suggest that ROCK1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of resistance to insulin action on glucose disposal in muscle of obese type 2 diabetic subjects.

Rate of fatigue during repeated submaximal contractions of human quadriceps muscle

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 1410-1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Dolmage ◽  
E. Cafarelli
Keyword(s):  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Surface Emg ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Relaxation Rates ◽  
Twitch Characteristics ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Force Time

Our purpose was to determine the effect of eight different combinations of contraction intensity, duration, and rest on the rate of fatigue in vastus lateralis muscle. A single combination consisted of contractions at 30 or 70% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), held for 3 or 7 s with 3- or 7-s rest intervals. Contractions were repeated until the subject could not hold the force for the requisite duration. At regular intervals during each experiment, a brief MVC, a single twitch, and the response to eight stimulation pulses at 50 Hz were elicited. The rate of fatigue was the rate of decline of MVC calculated from regression analysis. Mean rate of fatigue (n = 8) ranged from 0.3 to 25% MVC/min and was closely related (r = 0.98) to the product of the relative force and the duty cycle. Force from 50 Hz stimulation fell linearly and in parallel with MVC. Twitch force was first potentiated and then fell twice as fast as 50 Hz stimulation and MVC (p < 0.05). Differentiated twitch contraction and relaxation rates were higher at potentiation and lower at the limit of endurance, compared with control values (p < 0.05). The maximal electromyogram decreased 25% and the submaximal EMG increased to maximal by the end of the protocol, indicating that the entire motor unit pool had been recruited. The close relation between rate of fatigue and the force × time product probably reflects the off-setting interaction of contraction amplitude, duration, and rest interval. This occurs despite the changes in twitch characteristics and the apparent recruitment of fast fatiguing motor units.Key words: fatigue, surface EMG, limit of endurance, force × time product, twitch interpolation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document