Gait Biomechanics of a Second Generation Unstable Shoe

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-507
Author(s):  
Jacob K. Gardner ◽  
Songning Zhang ◽  
Max R. Paquette ◽  
Clare E. Milner ◽  
Elizabeth Brock
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Gait Biomechanics ◽  
Level Walking ◽  
Ankle Eversion ◽  
Heel Contact ◽  
And Control ◽  
And Inversion

The recent popularity of unstable shoes has sparked much interest in the efficacy of the shoe design. Anecdotal evidence suggests that earlier designs appear bulky and less aesthetically appealing for everyday use. The purpose of this study was to examine effects of a second generation unstable shoe on center of pressure (COP), ground reaction force (GRF), kinematics, and kinetics of the ankle joint during level walking at normal and fast speeds. In addition, findings were compared with results from the first generation shoe. Fourteen healthy males performed five successful level walking trials in four testing conditions: walking in unstable and control shoes at normal (1.3 m/s) and fast (1.8 m/s) speeds. The unstable shoe resulted in an increase in mediolateral COP displacement, first peak vertical GRF loading rate, braking GRF, ankle eversion range of motion (ROM), and inversion moment; as well as a decrease in anteroposterior COP displacement, second peak vertical GRF, ankle plantarflexion ROM, and dorsiflexion moment. Only minor differences were found between the shoe generations. Results of the generational comparisons suggest that the lower-profile second generation shoe may be as effective at achieving the desired unstable effects while promoting a smoother transition from heel contact through toe off compared with the first generation shoe.

Grape Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) Biology and Management on Grapes

1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donn T. Johnson ◽  
Barb A. Lewis ◽  
J. David Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
South Central ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Sticky Tape ◽  
And Control

Grape scale, Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock), is a pest of grapes, Vitus spp., in the south-central United States. This study compared Julian days and cumulative degree-days (DD at base 10°C accumulated after 1 April) to grape scale biology and control in Arkansas. On the average, first generation crawlers began emerging 14 May (274 DD) and peaked on 20 May (356 DD). First generation winged males began emerging on 26 June (794 DD) and peaked 13 July (1,108 DD). Second generation crawlers began emerging on 20 July (1,166 DD) and peaked on 12 August (1,549 DD). Second generation wingless males began emerging on 31 August (1,857 DD) and peaked on 18 September (2,026 DD). Relative to untreated vines, vines treated with chlorpyrifos at bud swell (early April) or as late as early May (near grape bloom) realized at least an eight-fold reduction in the number of crawlers and adult males per sticky tape trap. Vines receiving the second application near grape bloom had significantly fewer crawlers in May, August and September than vines sprayed once in late April. A chlorpyrifos treatment in early April provided at least a 30-d lethal residual on grape against grape scale crawlers that emerged during May.

scholarly journals “Take It or Leave It”: From Collaborative to Regulative Developer Dialogues in Six Swedish Municipalities Aiming to Climate-Proof Urban Planning

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofie Storbjörk ◽  
Mattias Hjerpe ◽  
Erik Glaas
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Climate Policy ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Collaborative Interaction ◽  
First And Second Generation ◽  
And Control

Enhancing legitimacy and effectiveness of climate policy requires improved interactions between and within administrative levels, the latter including horizontal public–private coordination. In the heavily decentralized Swedish urban planning process, developer dialogues are used to enhance collaboration and thereby increase the climate-proofing of new housing districts. In practice, municipalities struggle with identifying what types of collaborative arrangements best support the realization of climate goals, in light of strong property developer interests and bargaining. Based on qualitative interviews with coordinating planners, this paper illustrates lessons from repeated collaborative practices in six Swedish municipalities. We analytically characterize a shift between first- and second-generation developer dialogues. In first-generation dialogues, coordinators attempted to ensure jointly agreed upon principles, priorities and commitments, which instead resulted in troublesome negotiations. In second-generation dialogues, coordinators used mixed approaches to ensure more competitive and climate-proof urban development by mechanisms of indirect command and control. Principles of collaborative interaction were abandoned to regain control over urban planning. This documented shift contrasts heavily with theoretical assumptions from the climate governance literature, where enhanced collaboration assumedly increase effectiveness of climate policy implementation. Acknowledging the practical implications of using developer dialogues to climate-proof urban planning in different settings is critical for improved policy implementation.

Gait adaptations during load carrying on level and inclined surfaces

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-26
Author(s):  
Rakié Cham ◽  
Mark S. Redfern
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Force ◽  
Knee Joints ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Normal Loading ◽  
Gait Biomechanics ◽  
Inclined Surfaces ◽  
Heel Contact ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Hip Flexion

The complex human processes involved in balance maintenance and fall prevention during normal locomotion are further complicated by load carrying and/or the presence of slippery floors. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of carrying loads (2-handed method) on gait biomechanics relevant to slips/falls. Participants walked down surfaces of varying inclinations (0°, 5° and 10°), while ground reaction forces and body/foot motion were recorded. Three load conditions (no load, 2.3 and 6.8 kg) were included. Load carrying was associated with increases in the peak normal ground reaction force and in the rate of the normal loading phase on the leading foot. Shear ground reaction forces were not affected by load carrying. Changes in the ground reaction forces recorded during load carrying led to reduced required coefficient of friction (RCOF) values, a variable used to rate slip potential. This RCOF reduction is partly due to postural adaptations such as increased knee and hip flexion adopted during load carrying. Furthermore, load carrying was accompanied by slower heel contact heel velocity in the direction of motion. Finally, moments generated at the hip and knee joints were significantly biased towards the extensor and flexor direction, respectively.

Do remittances differ depending on migration pathway and length of stay?

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Anita Pugliese ◽  
Julie Ray ◽  
Neli Esipova
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Migration Pathway ◽  
First Generation Migrants ◽  
Second Generation Migrants

This paper reports the results from Gallup’s global analysis of the likelihood of first-generation migrants, second-generation migrants and the native-born to send financial help in the form of money or goods to others inside or outside their respective country of residence. The findings in this paper are based on more than 450,000 interviews conducted through Gallup’s World Poll in 157 countries in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The sample includes more than 26,000 first-generation migrants and more than 20,000 second-generation migrants. The large sample enables Gallup to analyze first-generation migrants by the duration of their stay in their adopted country and compare their remittance behaviors with second-generation migrants and the native-born.

Marcuse and Habermas's Political Ideas in English

2019 ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Asaad Abdullwahab AbdulKarim ◽  
Waleed Massaher Hamad ◽  
Salah Ibrahim Hamadi
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Frankfurt School ◽  
Western Thought ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Important Impact

Abstract     The Frankfurt School is characterized by its critical nature and it is the result of the Marxist socialist thought as it contributed to the development of the German thought in particular and the Western thought in general through important ideas put forward by a number of pioneers in the various generations of the school and most notably through the leading pioneer in the first generation, Marcuse, and the leading pioneer of the second  generation, Habermas, whose political ideas had an important impact on global thinking and later became the basis of the attic of many critical ideas. In spite of the belief of the school members in the idea of the criticism of power and community, each had his own ideas that distinguish him from the others.

Pharmakotherapie update

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Gerd Laux
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Therapeutische Maßnahmen ◽  
Second Generation Antipsychotics

Für die Therapie schizophrener Erkrankungen sind seit fast 60 Jahren Antipsychotika/Neuroleptika aufgrund ihrer antipsychotischen Wirkung von zentraler Bedeutung. Die Einteilung kann unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten erfolgen (chemische Struktur, neuroleptische Potenz, Rezeptorprofil), heute werden üblicherweise unterschieden typische (traditionelle, klassische, konventionelle) Antipsychotika der ersten Generation ‒ »First Generation Antipsychotics« (FGA) ‒ und sog. atypische (»neuere«) Neuroleptika bzw. Antipsychotika der zweiten Generation ‒»Second Generation Antipsychotics« (SGA). Hierzu zählen Aripiprazol, Asenapin, Cariprazin, Clozapin, Olanzapin, Quetiapin, Risperidon, Sertindol und Ziprasidon. Hierbei handelt es sich um keine homogene Gruppe – sowohl neuropharmakologisch (Wirkmechanismus), als auch hinsichtlich klinischem Wirkprofil und dem Nebenwirkungsspektrum bestehen z. T. erhebliche Unterschiede. Neben der Akut-Medikation ist eine Langzeitmedikation bzw. Rezidivprophylaxe mit Antipsychotika für die Rehabilitation vieler schizophrener Patienten im Sinne eines »Stresspuffers« von grundlegender Bedeutung. In Placebo-kontrollierten Studien trat bei Patienten, die über ein Jahr behandelt wurden, bei etwa 30% unter Neuroleptika ein Rezidiv auf, unter Placebo bei mehr als 70%. Für die Langzeitbehandlung bietet sich der Einsatz von Depot-Neuroleptika an, neu entwickelt wurden Langzeit-Depot-Injektionen mit Intervallen von bis zu 3 Monaten. Grundsätzlich ist die niedrigstmögliche (wirksame) Dosis zu verwenden. Im Zentrum der Nebenwirkungen (UAW) standen lange Zeit extrapyramidal-motorische Bewegungsstörungen (EPMS), mit der Einführung von Clozapin und anderen atypischen Antipsychotika der zweiten Generation gewannen andere Nebenwirkungen an Bedeutung. Hierzu zählen Gewichtszunahme, Störungen metabolischer Parameter und ein erhöhtes Risiko für Mortalität und zerebrovaskuläre Ereignisse bei älteren Patienten mit Demenz. Entsprechende Kontrolluntersuchungen sind erforderlich, für Clozapin gibt es aufgrund seines Agranulozytose-Risikos Sonderbestimmungen. Immer sollte ein Gesamtbehandlungsplan orientiert an der neuen S3-Praxisleitlinie Schizophrenie der DGPPN aufgestellt werden, der psychologische und milieu-/sozial-therapeutische Maßnahmen einschließt. Standard ist heute auch eine sog. Psychoedukation, für Psychopharmaka liegen bewährte Patienten-Ratgeber vor.

The Inheritors’ Coming of Age

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Schimpfössl
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Coming Of Age ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Privileged Status ◽  
The Rich

Chapter 7 focuses on the upbringing of the second generation of the Russian bourgeoisie. As the first generation of wealthy Russians grows older, they are becoming more aware of their own mortality and are preparing to hand over their wealth to the next generation. It seems that rich Russians are yet to find a convincing narrative to justify their children’s legitimate entitlement to wealth that does not contradict their own everyday ideology of being self-made. Nevertheless, a two-pronged approach is emerging. First, in line with the shift toward new modesty, children are being encouraged to cultivate a habitus of privilege, as Sherman suggests in the case with wealthy US Americans, which makes them appear morally worthy in an environment marked by extreme inequality. Second, via their philanthropy the rich are supporting institutions and scholars in an effort to strengthen a dynamic capitalist environment in which privileged status is respected.

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