scholarly journals Surveillance of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Among Youth and Adults in the United States: History and Opportunities

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (S1) ◽  
pp. S6-S24 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Omura ◽  
Geoffrey P. Whitfield ◽  
Tiffany J. Chen ◽  
Eric T. Hyde ◽  
Emily N. Ussery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
United States ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Activity Measures ◽  
State And Local

Background: Surveillance is a core function of public health, and approaches to national surveillance of physical activity and sedentary behavior have evolved over the past 2 decades. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of surveillance of physical activity and sedentary behavior in the United States over the past 2 decades, along with related challenges and emerging opportunities. Methods: The authors reviewed key national surveillance systems for the assessment of physical activity and sedentary behavior among youth and adults in the United States between 2000 and 2019. Results: Over the past 20 years, 8 surveillance systems have assessed physical activity, and 5 of those have assessed sedentary behavior. Three of the 8 originated in nonpublic health agencies. Most systems have assessed physical activity and sedentary behavior via surveys. However, survey questions varied over time within and also across systems, resulting in a wide array of available data. Conclusion: The evolving nature of physical activity surveillance in the United States has resulted in both broad challenges (eg, balancing content with survey space; providing data at the national, state, and local level; adapting traditional physical activity measures and survey designs; and addressing variation across surveillance systems) and related opportunities.

scholarly journals Labor Markets and Economic Inequality in the United States since the End of the 1970s

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Competition ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Past ◽  
State And Local Government ◽  
Real Value ◽  
State And Local

By most measures, the United States is the most unequal of the world's advanced capitalist economies, and inequality has increased substantially over the past 30 years. This article documents trends in the inequality of three key economic distributions—hourly earnings, annual incomes, and net wealth—and relates these developments to changes in economic and social policy over the past three decades. The primary cause of high and rising inequality is the systematic erosion of the bargaining power of lower- and middle-income workers relative to their employers, reflected in the erosion of the real value of the minimum wage, the decline in unions, widescale deregulation of industries such as airlines and trucking, the privatization and outsourcing of many state and local government activities, increasing international competition, and periods of restrictive macroeconomic policy.

Life Without Parole Sentencing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Seeds
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Life Without Parole ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State And Local

Life without parole sentencing refers to laws, policies, and practices concerning lifetime prison sentences that also preclude release by parole. While sentences to imprisonment for life without the possibility of parole have existed for more than a century in the United States, over the past four decades the penalty has emerged as a prominent element of U.S. punishment, routinely put to use by penal professionals and featured regularly in public discourse. As use of the death penalty diminishes in the United States, life without parole serves as the ultimate punishment in more and more U.S. jurisdictions. The scope with which states apply life without parole varies, however, and some states have authorized the punishment even for nonviolent offenses. More than a punishment serving purposes of retribution, crime control, and public safety, and beyond the symbolic functions of life without parole sentencing in U.S. culture and politics, life without parole is a lived experience for more than 50,000 prisoners in the United States. Life without parole’s increasing significance in the United States points to the need for further research on the subject—including studies that directly focus on how race and racial prejudice factor in life without parole sentencing, studies that investigate the proximate causes of life without parole sentences at the state and local level, and studies that examine the similarities and differences between life without parole, the death penalty, and de facto forms of imprisonment until death.

scholarly journals State Preparedness for Crisis Standards of Care in the United States: Implications for Emergency Management

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Annie E. Ingram ◽  
Attila J. Hertelendy ◽  
Michael S. Molloy ◽  
Gregory R. Ciottone
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Hurricane Katrina ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Standards Of Care ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
State And Local

Abstract State governments and hospital facilities are often unprepared to handle a complex medical crisis, despite a moral and ethical obligation to be prepared for disaster. The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has drawn attention to the lack of state guidance on how hospitals should provide care in a crisis. When the resources available are insufficient to treat the current patient load, crisis standards of care (CSC) are implemented to provide care to the population in an ethical manner, while maintaining an ability to handle the surge. This Editorial aims to raise awareness concerning a lack of preparedness that calls for immediate correction at the state and local level. Analysis of state guidelines for implementation of CSC demonstrates a lack of preparedness, as only five states in the US have appropriately completed necessary plans, despite a clear understanding of the danger. States have a legal responsibility to regulate the medical care within their borders. Failure of hospital facilities to properly prepare for disasters is not a new issue; Hurricane Katrina (2005) demonstrated a lack of planning and coordination. Improving disaster health care readiness in the United States requires states to create new policy and legislative directives for the health care facilities within their respective jurisdictions. Hospitals should have clear directives to prepare for disasters as part of a “duty to care” and to ensure that the necessary planning and supplies are available to their employees.

Washington View

2017 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 72-73
Author(s):  
Maria Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Policy Proposals ◽  
The U.S

Seismic shifts in both the United States and the United Kingdom during the 2016 elections have introduced changes in the education space as well. Worries about jobs, immigration, and shifting demographics underlie policy proposals in both countries. Where the U.S. is trying to drive change to the state and local level, however, Britain is moving toward centralization.

scholarly journals Occupationally Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: National Case Surveillance Data During 20 Years of the HIV Epidemic in the United States

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann N. Do ◽  
Carol A. Ciesielski ◽  
Russ P. Metler ◽  
Teresa A. Hammett ◽  
Jianmin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

AbstractObjective:To characterize occupationally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection detected through case surveillance efforts in the United States.Design:National surveillance systems, based on voluntary case reporting.Setting:Healthcare or laboratory (clinical or research) settings.Patients:Healthcare workers, defined as individuals employed in healthcare or laboratory settings (including students and trainees), who are infected with HIV.Methods:Review of data reported through December 2001 in the HIV/AIDS Reporting System and the National Surveillance for Occupationally Acquired HIV Infection.Results:Of 57 healthcare workers with documented occupationally acquired HIV infection, most (86%) were exposed to blood, and most (88%) had percutaneous injuries. The circumstances varied among 51 percutaneous injuries, with the largest proportion (41%) occurring after a procedure, 35% occurring during a procedure, and 20% occurring during disposal of sharp objects. Unexpected circumstances difficult to anticipate during or after procedures accounted for 20% of all injuries. Of 55 known source patients, most (69%) had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at the time of occupational exposure, but some (11%) had asymptomatic HIV infection. Eight (14%) of the healthcare workers were infected despite receiving postexposure prophylaxis (PEP).Conclusions:Prevention strategies for occupationally acquired HIV infection should continue to emphasize avoiding blood exposures. Healthcare workers should be educated about both the benefits and the limitations of PEP, which does not always prevent HIV infection following an exposure. Technologic advances (eg, safety-engineered devices) may further enhance safety in the healthcare workplace

scholarly journals Advocating for Preservation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Kimball M. Banks ◽  
J. Signe Snortland
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Resource Management ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Body Politic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Resource Management ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Cultural Resource ◽  
State And Local

Abstract Over the past few years our body politic has become increasingly polarized: Republicans versus Democrats, conservatives versus liberals. That polarization filters down to governmental actions, policies, and decisions, evidenced in disagreements over regulation versus deregulation and fossil fuels versus renewable energy. Such polarization—whether legislative, administrative, or judicial and whether at the federal, state, or tribal level—can and does impact the management of our archaeological resources and the way cultural resource management is practiced in the United States. Given that most archaeologists in the United States are employed in cultural resource management, these actions affect their employment. Consequently, it is more critical than ever that archaeologists become cultural resource management and historic preservation advocates. This article discusses the whys and hows of preservation advocacy. Active, science-based advocacy by preservationists can engage governmental decision-makers to give due consideration to cultural resources and their management when making decisions or drafting and voting on legislation. Although the discussion focuses on advocacy at the federal level, the observations and suggestions are applicable at the state and local level.

scholarly journals Physical activity in working mothers: Running low impacts quality of life

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 174550652092916
Author(s):  
Christine A Limbers ◽  
Christina McCollum ◽  
Kelly R Ylitalo ◽  
Mikki Hebl
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
United States ◽  
Working Mothers ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recommended Guidelines

Objectives: The transition to motherhood is associated with declines in physical activity in women. Working mothers may be particularly at-risk for low levels of physical activity, since they have to balance the competing interests of work and family life, and exercise often takes a backseat to more seemingly pressing concerns. The potential benefits working mothers can experience from physical activity are numerous. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the percentage of working mothers from the United States who met the World Health Organization’s and the American College of Sports Medicine’s recommended guidelines for weekly physical activity and investigate the associations between physical activity, quality of life, and self-rated work productivity in this sample of working mothers. Methods: Participants were 334 working mothers from the United States (mean age = 35.00 years; standard deviation (SD) = 5.85; 77.8% White) recruited from a Qualtrics research panel. To be eligible to participate in the study, a woman had to be 18 years or older with at least one child aged 5 years or younger, work at least 30 h per week at a job, live with her child(ren) at least 50% of the time, and have a minimum of a bachelor’s degree. Participants completed the Godin leisure time exercise questionnaire, the World Health Organization—five well-being index, a single-item indicator of self-rated work productivity, and a demographic questionnaire. Results: Of the working mothers in the sample, 45.5% met the recommended guidelines of at least 150 min of moderate exercise in the past week. Approximately 39% of working mothers reported engaging in no 30-min bouts of strenuous exercise in the past week. Non-white working mothers, working mothers with a higher singular annual income, and working mothers who obtained a higher educational level were more likely to meet the recommended guidelines for physical activity in the past week. Meeting the recommended physical activity guidelines in the past week was associated with better quality of life ( r = 0.39; p < 0.001) and self-rated work productivity ( r = 0.13; p < 0.05). Only the association between physical activity and quality of life remained significant in a multivariate analysis (standardized beta coefficient = 0.33; p < 0.001) after controlling for race/ethnicity, maternal singular annual income, and maternal highest level of education. Conclusion: Our findings highlight that working mothers in the United States are a group at risk for low levels of physical activity. Given the great benefits that these women do experience as a function of getting exercise, it is critically important we pay more attention to how individual, organizational, and societal-level interventions might assist them in attaining target levels of physical activity.

scholarly journals Q Fever in the United States: Summary of Case Reports from Two National Surveillance Systems, 2000–2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Scott Dahlgren ◽  
Alicia D. Anderson ◽  
Robert F. Massung ◽  
Jennifer H. McQuiston
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
National Surveillance
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