Predictors of Recovery Time

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Quinn ◽  
Barry J. Fallon
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Type Design

Objective:To explore predictors of recovery time.Design:Repeated measures on 4 occasions throughout recovery included injury appraisal, demographics, emotional responses, and psychological variables.Participants:Elite injured athletes (N= 136).Main Outcome Measure:Recovery time.Results:At all phases, being a team athlete was a significant predictor of faster recovery. At partial recovery (approximately one-third of the recovery time), significant predictors were active coping, confidence of reaching full recovery in the estimated time, not completing rehabilitation, and having less social support. By semirecovery (approximately two-thirds of the recovery time), vigor and using denial significantly predicted quicker recovery. At recovery, having previously suffered a serious nonsporting injury or illness, vigor, more confidence, and intensity of effort significantly predicted faster recovery.Conclusions:This study has expanded on and refined the work in this area and will help increase understanding of the role that psychological variables play in decreasing recovery time, which has important implications for those implementing rehabilitation programs.

Sleep Efficiency and Overreaching in Swimmers

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Wall ◽  
Carl G. Mattacola ◽  
C. Buz Swanik ◽  
Susan Levenstein
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Sleep Efficiency ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Context:Overreaching can be beneficial, but there is a risk of overtraining.Objective:To investigate the difference in sleep efficiency between overreached and nonover-reached swimmers.Design:Repeated-measures, between-subjects. Swimmers were determined to be overreaching if 2 or more of their consecutive weekly swim times increased by 5% or more from baseline.Participants:9 competitive high school and university sprinter swimmers.Intervention:24-h wrist actigraph.Main Outcome Measure:Sleep efficiency as measured by the actigraph.Results:There was a significant difference in sleep efficiency on night 1 between the overreached and nonoverreached swimmers (P = .008), as well as in their times after averaging over all 5 trials and adjusting for baseline (P = .016). By the fourth swim trial, the overreached swimmers had significantly slower swim times than those of the nonoverreached swimmers (P = .001).Conclusions:Sleep efficiency shows potential as an objective, noninvasive predictor and monitor of overreaching in swimmers.

Quantifying Bilateral Joint Contributions during Three Variations of the Step Exercise

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Flanagan ◽  
Kara M. Kessans ◽  
George J. Salem
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Joint Torque ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Step Down

Context:Information regarding how the mechanical demand differs with variants of the step exercise may be used by clinicians to more appropriately prescribe lower-extremity exercise.Objective:To quantify the joint torque contributions of the lower extremity during three different step exercises: forward step-up (FS), lateral step-up (LS), and step-down (SD).Design:An experiment with a repeated measures design.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Participants:18 healthy subjects (9 men, 9 women, age 25.67 ± 4.23 years, height 1.73 ± 0.10 meters, mass 72.73 ± 10.67 kilograms).Intervention:Participants performed three sets of three repetitions of each exercise while instrumented for biomechanical analysis.Main Outcome Measure:Mechanical effort of the hip, knee, and ankle of both limbs during each exercise.Results:The greatest contribution from the hip was required during the FS, while the contribution from the knee was required during the SD. The greatest contribution from the ankle was required during the LS and SD.Conclusion:Choice of step exercise results in different distributions of mechanical demand across the lower extremities.

The Effects of Superficial Heating before 1-MHz Ultrasound on Tissue Temperature

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Holcomb ◽  
Chris Blank
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Tissue Temperature ◽  
Temperature Elevation ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Cooling Period ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Independent Variable

Context:Ultrasound significantly raises tissue temperature, but the time of temperature elevation is short.Objective:To assess the effectiveness of superficial preheating on temperature elevation and decline when using ultrasound.Design:Within-subjects design to test the independent variable, treatment condition; repeated-measures ANOVAs to analyze the dependent variables, temperature elevation and decline.Setting:Athletic training laboratory.Intervention:Temperature at a depth of 3.75 cm was measured during ultrasound after superficial heating and with ultrasound alone.Subjects:10 healthy men.Main Outcome Measure:Temperature was recorded every 30 s during 15 min of ultrasound and for 15 min afterward.Results:Temperature elevation with ultrasound was significantly greater with preheating (4.0 ± 0.21 °C) than with ultrasound alone (3.0 ± 0.22 °C). Temperature decline was not significantly different between preheating and ultrasound alone.Conclusions:Superficial preheating significantly increases temperature elevation but has no effect on temperature decline during a 15-min cooling period.

The Use of Imagery by Athletes during Injury Rehabilitation

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Sordoni ◽  
Craig Hall ◽  
Lorie Forwell
Keyword(s):  
Sport Medicine ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Athletic Injury ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Medicine Clinic ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Injured Athletes

Objectives:To determine whether athletes use motivational and cognitive imagery during injury rehabilitation and to develop an instrument for measuring imagery use.Design:A survey concerning imagery use during rehabilitation was administered to injured athletes.Setting:The Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic in London, Ontario, Canada.Participants:Injured athletes (N = 71) receiving physiotherapy.Main Outcome Measure:The Athletic Injury Imagery Questionnaire (AIIQ).Results:As hypothesized, 2 distinct factors emerged from the items on the AIIQ: motivational and cognitive imagery. Motivational imagery was used more often than cognitive imagery in this context, yet less frequently than in other sport situations (eg, training and competition).Conclusions:The study indicates that the AIIQ is a potentially useful tool through which physiotherapists and sport psychologists can examine athletes' use of imagery in injury rehabilitation.

Effects of Different Heating Modalities on Hip Flexion Passive Range of Motion

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 27-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Hanson ◽  
James Day
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Tissue Heating ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hip Flexion ◽  
Hot Pack

Context:Therapeutic modalities are routinely administered to increase fexibility, but the relative effects of different modes of tissue heating on passive range of motion (PROM) are unknown.Objective:To assess the relative effects of active exercise on a stationary bicycle, moist hot pack treatment, and warm whirlpool treatment on hip fexion PROM.Design:Repeated measures.Subjects:24 males and 20 females between the ages 18 and 24 years.Main Outcome MeasureHip fexion PROM measured by an inclinometer.Results:Repeated measures analysis of variance identified a significant difference among the heating methods, F(1, 43) = 32.41;p< .001. Active exercise produced the greatest change in hip fexion PROM.Conclusions:All three treatment methods produced an increase in hip fexion PROM, but active exercise produced a significantly greater increase than moist hot pack and warm whirlpool treatments.

The Effects of Rigid Scapular Taping on Acromiohumeral Distance in Healthy Shoulders: An Observational Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alya H. Bdaiwi ◽  
Tanya Anne Mackenzie ◽  
Lee Herrington ◽  
Ian Horlsey ◽  
Ann Cools
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Impingement Syndrome ◽  
Subacromial Impingement Syndrome ◽  
Ultrasound Measurement ◽  
Subacromial Impingement ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Acromiohumeral Distance

Context:Compromise to the acromiohumeral distance (AHD) has been reported in subjects with subacromial impingement syndrome when compared with healthy subjects. In clinical practice, patients are taped with the intention of altering scapular position and influencing the AHD. However, research to determine the effects of taping on AHD is exiguous.Objectives:To evaluate the effect of ridged taping techniques to increase posterior scapular tilt and upward scapular rotation on the AHD.Design:1-group pretest/posttest repeated-measures design.Setting:Human performance laboratory.Participants:20 asymptomatic participants (10 male and 10 female) age 27 y (SD 8.0 y).Intervention:Ridged tapping of the scapula into posterior tilt and upward scapular rotation.Main Outcome Measure:Ultrasound measurement of the AHD.Results:AHD increased significantly after rigid tape application to the scapula (P < .003) in healthy shoulders in 60° of passive arm abduction.Conclusion:Taping techniques applied to the scapula had an immediate effect of increasing the AHD in healthy shoulders in 60° of passive arm abduction. Results suggest that taping for increasing posterior scapular tilt and increasing scapular upward rotation can influence the AHD and is a useful adjunct to rehabilitation in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome.

The Effect of Pelvic Position on Popliteal Angle Achieved During 90:90 Hamstring-Length Test

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Herrington
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Hamstring Muscle ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
Pelvic Position

Context:Hamstring muscle length is commonly measured because of its perceived relationship to injury of both the hamstrings themselves and the pelvis and lumbar spine. The popliteal (knee-extension) angle measured from the starting position hip and knee at 90° is a commonly used indirect measure of hamstring muscle length. When this measure has been undertaken in the literature previously, little attention was paid to the position of the pelvis, which may significantly influence measurements taken.Design:Repeated-measures.Setting:University human performance laboratory.Participants:60 healthy physically active males (mean age 20.1 ± 1.8 y, range 18–24 y).Intervention:The 2 extremes of pelvic position (anterior and posterior).Main Outcome Measure:Popliteal angle (with maximal knee extension) was measured in 2 positions, 1 of full anterior and 1 of full posterior pelvic tilt.Results:The mean difference in popliteal angle between anterior to posterior pelvic positions was 13.4° ± 9° (range 0–26°); this was statistically significant (P = .0001).Conclusion:The findings of the study indicate that pelvic position has a significant effect on popliteal angle and therefore should be taken into account when measuring hamstring muscle length.

Comparison of Diagonal Shoulder Exercises With and Without Visual Trace

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Jwa-jun Kim ◽  
So-youn Ann ◽  
Se-yeon Park
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Anterior Deltoid ◽  
Lower Trapezius

Objectives:The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of visual trace on shoulder muscle activation during diagonal pattern of exercises. Sixteen healthy male participants volunteered to participate.Design:Repeated-measure design.Setting:Laboratory setting.Participants:Sixteen physically active male participants volunteered to participate.Intervention:Five muscles of the shoulder were investigated during standing performance of diagonal shoulder exercises with and without visual trace. Two patterns of the diagonal exercises were used: diagonal 1 flexion (D1F) and diagonal 2 fexion (D2F). Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used, with factors being the presence of visual trace and exercise variations.Main Outcome Measure:Electromyography (EMG).Results:The average muscle activity values of the lower trapezius and anterior deltoid were higher with the D2F compared with the D1F (P < .05). The visual trace effect was observed within the serratus anterior, with values significantly greater in exercise with visual trace (P < .05). There was a significant increase of the lower trapezius during the exercise with the visual trace condition compared with the exercise without visual trace, which was only observed during D2F (P < .05).Conclusions:Present results suggest that the D2F exercise pattern is effective for activating lower trapezius and anterior deltoid muscles. The visual trace condition has the additional advantage of activating the scapulothoracic muscle activities depending on the specific pattern of diagonal shoulder exercise.

Effectiveness of Clinical Ultrasound Parameters on Changing Intramuscular Temperature

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Demchak ◽  
Marcus B. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Treatment Area ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Small Change ◽  
Injury Research ◽  
Ultrasound Parameters

Context:Researchers have recommended certain ultrasound treatment parameters for deep heating; however, we observed different parameters in the clinical setting.Objective:To compare the treatment effect of using observed clinical parameters (OCP) from 8 clinicians to the treatment effect of using the recommended parameters (RP) sited in research.Design:2 × 2 repeated measures design.Setting:Sports injury research laboratory.Participants:Ten healthy volunteers.Interventions:Two 1 MHz treatment, 1 RP treatment (1.5 W/cm2, 10-min, area-2 to 3 × ERA), and 1 OCP treatment (1.3 W/cm2, 8-min, area 3.9 × ERA)Main Outcome Measure:Tricep surae temperature 3 cm below superficial tissueResults:The RP treatment increase temperature from 36.4 ± 1.0 to 40.3± 2.0°C, which was a greater change than the OCP (36.5 ± 1.2 to 38.2 ± 1.6°C).Conclusions:The OCP treatment resulted in a lower heating affect than the RP. Small change in treatment area, intensity, and duration can have a large effect on temperature change.

Vastus Lateralis and Vastus Medialis Obliquus Activity during a Straight-Leg Raise and Knee Extension with Lateral Hip Rotation

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Livecchi ◽  
Charles W. Armstrong ◽  
Mitchell L. Cordova ◽  
Mark A. Merrick ◽  
James M. Rankin
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Vastus Medialis ◽  
Vastus Medialis Obliquus ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Straight Leg Raise

Objective:To compare average electromyogram (EMG) activity of the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) during straight-leg raise (SLR) and knee extension (KE) with the hip in neutral and lateral rotation.Design:1 × 4 factorial repeated-measures.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:13 male college students.Intervention:SLR with hip flexed at 40°, in neutral position, and maximally laterally rotated and KE with hip in neutral and maximally laterally rotated.Main Outcome Measure:Average EMG activity during each of the 4 conditions, normalized against peak muscle activity during that trial.Results:No differences were observed between exercises in VMO activity (F3,36= 0.646,P> .05), VL activity (F3,36= 1.08,P> .05), or VMO:VL ratio (F3,36= 0.598,P> .05).Conclusions:Electrical activity of the VMO or VL and VMO:VL ratio do not change with hip position or exercise.

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