The Influence of Injured Athletes’ Perceptions of Social Support from ATCs on Their Beliefs about Rehabilitation

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Bricker Bone ◽  
Mary D. Fry
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Division I ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
The Social ◽  
Division I Athletes ◽  
Injured Athletes

Objective:To determine whether athletes’ perceptions of social support from their certified athletic trainers (ATCs) were related to their beliefs about the rehabilitation process.Design:Division I athletes (N = 57) completed a survey including measures of social support and beliefs about rehabilitation.Participants:Division I college athletes (35 men, 22 women) who had sustained an injury that caused them to miss no less than 5 consecutive days.Measurements:The Social Support Survey (SSS) and the Sports Injury Rehabilitation Beliefs Survey (SIRBS).Results:Results revealed significant correlations between the SSS and the SIRBS scales only for athletes who had sustained severe injuries. Multiple-regression analyses revealed that the SSS scales were significant predictors of each of the SIRBS scales.Conclusions:Results suggest that when severely injured athletes perceive that their ATCs provide strong social support, they are more likely to believe in their rehabilitation programs.

scholarly journals National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Certified Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of the Benefits of Sport Psychology Services

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 398-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Zakrajsek ◽  
Scott B. Martin ◽  
Craig A. Wrisberg
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Division I ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Rehabilitation Team ◽  
Injured Athletes

Context: Certified athletic trainers (ATs) are responsible for integrating relevant professionals into the rehabilitation team to assist with the holistic care of injured athletes. Objective: To explore National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I (DI) ATs' experience with sport psychology consultants (SPCs), willingness to encourage athletes to use SPCs for injury rehabilitation, and perceptions of the benefits of sport psychology services. Design: Quantitative study. Setting: A Web-based survey was administered to a national sample of DI ATs. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 659 (341 men, 318 women) ATs completed the survey. Main Outcome Measure(s): Athletic trainers' experience with SPCs, willingness to encourage athletes to seek sport psychology services, and perceptions of the benefits of those services in injury-rehabilitation settings were self-reported using a rating scale that ranged from 1 (never or not at all) to 5 (definitely or extremely). Results: Logistic regression revealed that the availability of SPCs, previous encouragement to athletes to seek sport psychology services, and previous positive interactions with SPCs predicted the ATs' willingness to encourage athletes to use these services (P < .0001). The services ATs rated the highest for injury rehabilitation were managing anxiety and emotion, improving coping techniques, and building confidence (ie, confidence in returning to sport and building confidence). Chi-square analyses indicated that female ATs' ratings of perceived benefits were higher (P ≤ .001) than those of male ATs, and the ratings of ATs who were likely to encourage the use of SPCs were higher (P ≤ .001) than those who were unlikely to encourage SPC service use. Conclusions: Athletic trainers in our study who had previous positive SPC experiences were most likely to use SPCs and their services during the injury-rehabilitation process. Possible implications are offered for how ATs interested in sport psychology services might call on SPCs to complement their work with injured athletes.

scholarly journals Injured Athletes' Rehabilitation Beliefs and Subjective Well-Being: The Contribution of Hope and Social Support

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. H. Lu ◽  
Yawen Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Satisfaction With Life Scale ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Injured Athletes

Context Injuries are a significant problem in the world of sports. Hope and social support are very important features in providing psychological help as people face life challenges such as sport injuries. Objective To examine how hope and social support uniquely and jointly predict postinjury rehabilitation beliefs, rehabilitation behavior, and subjective well-being. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Four sports-injury rehabilitation centers of local universities in Taiwan. Participants A total of 224 injured Taiwanese collegiate student-athletes. Main Outcomes Measure(s) The Trait Hope Scale, the Sports Injury Rehabilitation Beliefs Survey, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Positive Affective and Negative Affective Scale, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were completed by participants after they received their regular rehabilitation treatment. Results We conducted hierarchical regressions and found that social support and 2 types of hope in injured athletes predicted their rehabilitation beliefs and subjective well-being. However, only hope agency predicted their rehabilitation behavior. Also, hope and social support had an interactive effect on the prediction of subjective well-being; for participants with low hope pathways, the perception of more social support was associated with higher levels of subjective well-being, whereas social support had only a relatively low association with subjective well-being among participants with high hope pathways. Conclusions Enhancing hope perceptions and strengthening injured athletes' social support during rehabilitation are beneficial to rehabilitation behavior and subjective well-being.

Injured Athletes’ Perceptions About Social Support

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Clement ◽  
Vanessa R. Shannon
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Psychological Reactions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rehabilitation Adherence ◽  
Buffering Hypothesis ◽  
Injured Athletes

Context:According to the buffering hypothesis, social support moderates the harmful effects of stress and, in turn, indirectly affects injured athletes’ health and well-being. Previous research suggests that perceptions of social support influence athletes’ psychological reactions, as well as their rehabilitation adherence, but additional research in this area is warranted.Objective:To examine injured athletes’ perceptions regarding satisfaction, availability, and contribution for each of the 8 types of social support.Design:Descriptive.Setting:Mid-Atlantic Division II and III institutions.Participants:49 injured athletes.Main Outcome Measures:Social support was assessed using a modified version of the Social Support Survey.Results:Injured athletes were significantly more satisfied with social support provided by athletic trainers (ATCs) than that provided by coaches and teammates. In addition, injured athletes reported that social support provided by ATCs contributed significantly more to their overall well-being. Athletes reported several significant differences regarding satisfaction and contribution to well-being among the 8 different types of social support.Conclusions:Injury, an unavoidable part of sport, is often accompanied by negative psychological reactions. This reaction may have a negative influence on an athlete’s experience of injury and rehabilitation. Findings suggest that perceptions of social support provided by ATCs have the greatest influence on injured athletes’ rehabilitation and well-being.

Adherence to Sports-Injury Rehabilitation Programs

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Craig Fisher ◽  
Mary A. Domm ◽  
Deborah A. Wuest
Keyword(s):  
Sports Injury ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs

scholarly journals Athletic Trainers' Influence on National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Athletes' Basic Psychological Needs During Sport Injury Rehabilitation

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Bejar ◽  
Johannes Raabe ◽  
Rebecca A. Zakrajsek ◽  
Leslee A. Fisher ◽  
Damien Clement
Keyword(s):  
Sport Injury ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Basic Psychological Needs ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Division I ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Injured Athletes

Context Athletic trainers (ATs) have indicated a desire to better understand the motivations of athletes during rehabilitation. Self-determination theory offers an ideal lens for conceptualizing the antecedents, mediators, and consequences of motivated behavior. Objective To explore athletes' perceptions of ATs' influence on their basic psychological needs as well as their motivation during sport injury rehabilitation. Design Qualitative study. Setting National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I universities in the northwestern and southeastern United States. Patients or Other Participants A total of 10 injured and previously injured athletes (7 women, 3 men; mean age = 20.9 ± 2.0 years) active in a variety of sports. Data Collection and Analysis Participants completed semistructured interviews, which were transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed using consensual qualitative research methods. Trustworthiness techniques (eg, bracketing interview, discussion of biases, member checking, external auditor) were used throughout the process. Results Four domains were constructed: (a) athletes' concerns about injury and rehabilitation, (b) ATs' feedback and athletes' perceptions of competence, (c) a person-centered approach from ATs and athletes' perceptions of autonomy, and (d) a connection between ATs' and athletes' perceptions of relatedness. Athletes' experiences were largely influenced by the degree to which they perceived that ATs satisfied their 3 basic psychological needs, which, in turn, was determined by the presence or absence of particular AT behaviors, such as providing encouragement (competence), soliciting input (autonomy), and building rapport (relatedness). Furthermore, the degree to which they perceived these basic psychological needs were fulfilled (or thwarted) affected their overall motivation during sport injury rehabilitation. Conclusions Self-determination theory is a promising framework for ATs to consider when addressing motivational challenges among injured athletes.

The Transtheoretical Model: An Exploratory Look at Its Applicability to Injury Rehabilitation

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Clement
Keyword(s):  
Stages Of Change ◽  
Transtheoretical Model ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Division I ◽  
Processes Of Change ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Type Design ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Injured Athletes

Context:The transtheoretical model has been widely used in the investigation of how people adapt to new behaviors; however, the literature appears to be lacking documentation of any assessment/s administered to injured athletes to determine their readiness for rehabilitation, which depending on the severity of the injury, could possibly represent a behavior change for that individual.Objective:To validate the application of the transtheoretical model to injury rehabilitation and assess the impact of stages of change on athletes’ adherence and compliance rates.Design:Descriptive correlational.Setting:Large Mid Atlantic Division I institution.Participants:Seventy injured athletes.Main Outcome Measures:Readiness was assessed using the Transtheoretical Model. Adherence was assessed using the percentage of rehabilitation attendance and compliance was assessed using the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Scale.Results:Participants who were advanced in their stages of change generally reported an increase in self efficacy, utilization of pros versus cons, and the use of behavioral processes instead of experiential processes of change. No significant relationships were found between stages of change and athletes’ adherence and compliance.Conclusion:Although no statistical significance was found between stages of change and adherence and compliance the results did validate the application of the transtheoretical model to injury rehabilitation.

scholarly journals Development of the Social Support Questionnaire for Injured Athletes (The SSQIA)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eriko Katagami ◽  
Katsu Fujimura ◽  
Sora Aita ◽  
Hironobu Tsuchiya
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
The Social ◽  
Injured Athletes

scholarly journals Keeping Your Head in the Game: Sport-Specific Imagery and Anxiety Among Injured Athletes

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Monsma ◽  
James Mensch ◽  
Jennifer Farroll
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Division I ◽  
Image Content ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Sport Skills ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Injured Athletes

Abstract The use of sport-specific imagery during rehabilitation is sparse. Athletes who used imagery (either facilitative or debilitative) during injury rehabilitation were compared with injured athletes who did not use imagery. Return-to-practice anxiety in the groups was investigated also.Context: To (1) explore debilitative images used during rehabilitation, (2) examine athlete and injury characteristics in relation to variations in imagery content and return-to-practice anxiety, (3) compare the frequency of imagery use early in injury rehabilitation with that just before return to practice, and (4) examine the relationship between image use and return-to-practice anxiety.Objective: Observational design.Design: Athletic training facilities.Setting: Thirty-six injured National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate athletes sustaining at least an 8-day practice suspension due to injury.Patients or Other Participants: Sport Imagery Questionnaire, Sport Anxiety Scale.Main Outcome Measure(s): Athletes used both facilitative and debilitative images during different phases of rehabilitation. Men used more sport skill, strategy, and excitement imagery content than did women, who reported higher scores for worry and concentration disruption than did men. Athletes used fewer images related to their sport skills and strategies early in rehabilitation than just before they returned to practice. Additionally, athletes who used more arousal and less strategic imagery experienced more somatic anxiety.Results: Similar to research findings on healthy athletes, sport-specific image content in injured athletes is related to return-to-practice anxiety during rehabilitation, and some of the images were perceived as debilitative. Practitioners should advise injured athletes to use sport-specific imagery, especially that related to sport skills and strategies, but they should caution athletes against using arousal imagery, because it may elevate somatic anxiety before return to practice. Image content recommendations should encompass the cognitive and motivational functions of imagery, and the practitioner should assess if any image used by the athlete is debilitative.Conclusions:

scholarly journals Confidence Restoration Following Athletic Injury

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Michelle Magyar ◽  
Joan L. Duda
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
The State ◽  
Athletic Injury ◽  
Intercollegiate Athletes ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

The impact of goal orientations, perceptions of social support, and sources of rehabilitation confidence on the process of confidence restoration from athletic injury was examined among 40 injured intercollegiate athletes (ages 18 to 22 years). Athletes completed the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ; Duda & Nicholls, 1992), the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ; Duda, Smart, & Tappe, 1989), and modified versions of the Sources of Sport Confidence Questionnaire (M-SSCQ; Vealey, Hayashi, Garner-Holman, & Giacobbi, 1998) and the State Sport Confidence Inventory (M-SSCI; Vealey, 1986) within the first two days of their rehabilitation program. The SSQ, M-SSCQ, and M-SSCI were completed during the midpoint of the rehabilitation and the day before returning to practice/competition. Results indicated that the tendency to emphasize task-involved goals in sport significantly predicted the selection of mastery and more self-referenced sources of confidence in rehabilitation. Athletes who perceived more social support specific to injury rehabilitation at the beginning of the rehabilitation program were more likely to rely on performance sources to build confidence.

scholarly journals Athletic Trainers' and Physical Therapists' Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Psychological Skills Within Sport Injury Rehabilitation Programs

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jordan Hamson-Utley ◽  
Scott Martin ◽  
Jason Walters
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Physical Therapists ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Psychological Skills ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Rehabilitation Adherence ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
Injured Athletes

Abstract Context: Psychological skills are alleged to augment sport-injury rehabilitation; however, implementation of mental imagery within rehabilitation programs is limited. Objective: To examine attitudes of athletic trainers (ATs) and physical therapists (PTs) on the effectiveness of mental imagery, goal setting, and positive self-talk to improve rehabilitation adherence and recovery speed of injured athletes. Design: The ATs and PTs were contacted via electronic or physical mailings to complete a single administration survey that measured their beliefs about the effectiveness of psychological skills for increasing adherence and recovery speed of injured athletes undergoing rehabilitation. Setting: Professional member databases of the National Athletic Trainers' Association and the American Physical Therapy Association. Patients or Other Participants: Of the 1000 ATs and 1000 PTs who were selected randomly, 309 ATs (age  =  34.18 ± 8.32 years, years in profession  =  10.67 ± 7.34) and 356 PTs (age  =  38.58 ± 7.51 years, years in profession  =  13.18 ± 6.17) responded. Main Outcome Measure(s): The Attitudes About Imagery (AAI) survey measures attitudes about psychological skills for enhancing adherence and recovery speed of injured athletes. The AAI includes demographic questions and 15 items on a 7-point Likert scale measuring attitudes about the effectiveness of mental imagery, self-talk, goal setting, and pain control on rehabilitation adherence and recovery speed of injured athletes. Test-retest reliability ranged from .60 to .84 and Cronbach αs ranged from .65 to .90. We calculated 1-way analyses of variance to determine whether differences existed in attitudes as a result of the professionals' education, training experience, and interest. Results: Mean differences were found on attitudes about effectiveness of psychological skills for those who reported formal training and those who reported interest in receiving formal training (P < .05). In addition, ATs held more positive attitudes than PTs on 9 of 15 AAI items (P < .05). Conclusions: Overall, ATs and PTs held positive attitudes on the effectiveness of psychological skills to augment the rehabilitation process. Clinical implications regarding the use of mental skills are discussed.

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