Three-Dimensional Analysis of Scapular Kinematics During Arm Elevation in Baseball Players With Scapular Dyskinesis: Comparison of Dominant and Nondominant Arms

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Young Park ◽  
Junhyun Kim ◽  
Beom Ho Seo ◽  
Ho Dong Yu ◽  
Ju Hyun Sim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Diagnostic Study ◽  
Scapular Dyskinesis ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Scapular Kinematics ◽  
Arm Elevation

Background: The knowledge of 3-dimensional scapular kinematics is essential for understanding the pathological lesions of the shoulder and elbow in throwing athletes. Many studies about alterations of the resting scapular position, dynamic scapular motion, or scapular dyskinesis (SD) have been conducted, yet none of them have identified a consistent pattern of altered scapular kinematics in throwing athletes. Hypothesis/Purpose: To analyze the 3-dimensional scapular kinematics of dominant and nondominant arms in baseball players with a pathological condition of the shoulder or elbow. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Bilateral scapular positions, consisting of upward rotation (UR), superior translation (ST), internal rotation (IR), protraction (PRO), and anterior tilting (AT) with an arm at rest and at 150° forward elevation, were measured among 319 baseball players with SD using 3-dimensional computed tomography. Angular values of scapula were compared between dominant and nondominant arms with statistical analysis. Level of Evidence: Level III, diagnostic study. Results: The scapular position of dominant arms showed significantly more AT, less ST at rest and more UR and IR and less ST, PRO, and AT at 150° full forward elevation compared with the nondominant arms. The magnitude of mean change of UR, IR, PRO, and AT during arm elevation increased significantly between the paired arms (P value: UR, ST, PRO, and AT: <.001 and IR: .001). Conclusion: When compared with the nondominant arms, UR, AT, and PRO with the arm at 150° forward elevation of dominant symptomatic arms in baseball players tilted toward positive compensation, whereas IR altered toward negative decompensation. In addition, the angular increment of the scapula increased significantly in dominant symptomatic arms compared with the nondominant arms.

scholarly journals Scapular Dyskinesis in Young, Asymptomatic Elite Swimmers

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 232596711775081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacopo Preziosi Standoli ◽  
Francesco Fratalocchi ◽  
Vittorio Candela ◽  
Tiziano Preziosi Standoli ◽  
Giuseppe Giannicola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Type I ◽  
Scapular Dyskinesis ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Elite Swimmers

Background: Overhead athletes are at a greater risk of developing scapular dyskinesis (SD). Although swimming is considered an overhead sport, information regarding SD in these athletes is scarce. Purpose: To determine the prevalence of SD in young, asymptomatic elite swimmers. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 661 asymptomatic elite swimmers were enrolled in this study (344 male, 317 female; mean age, 15.83 ± 2.20 years). Anthropometric characteristics, training routine, and stroke specialty were recorded. SD was assessed using a dynamic test consisting of an examination of the shoulder blades throughout synchronous forward flexion motion in the sagittal plane and was deemed to be either present or absent. Each movement was repeated 5 times. These evaluations were performed with athletes at rest, before any training or competition. Statistical analysis was performed. Results: SD was detected in 56 (8.5%) participants. Type I SD was the most common (46.5%); male participants were 2 times as likely to have SD as female participants (39 male, 17 female; P < .01). No correlation was found between the dominant limb and side affected ( P = .258); rather, a correlation was found between the breathing side and side affected, in that swimmers with a preferred breathing side were more prone to develop SD in the opposite shoulder ( P < .05). Swimmers involved in long-distance races were found to have a greater risk of developing SD ( P = .01). Conclusion: SD may be an asymptomatic condition in elite young swimmers and is present in 8.5% of these athletes. Early diagnosis may be useful for asymptomatic athletes with SD and to avoid its possible evolution to a symptomatic condition.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Lower Limb Tightness and Practice Time Among Adolescent Baseball Players With Symptomatic Osgood-Schlatter Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 232596711984797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Omodaka ◽  
Takashi Ohsawa ◽  
Tsuyoshi Tajika ◽  
Hiroyuki Shiozawa ◽  
Syogo Hashimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Tibial Tuberosity ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Ankle Joints ◽  
Practice Time

Background: Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) is characterized by traction apophysitis of the tibial tuberosity. Few studies on symptomatic and asymptomatic OSD have correlated findings with clinical examination. Purpose: To investigate the relationship between lower limb tightness and practice time among adolescent baseball players with symptomatic OSD. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The study participants were 402 male baseball players (N = 804 knees) with a mean ± SD age of 10.9 ± 1.5 years (range, 7-14 years). Participant age, height, body weight, body mass index, practice time per week, range of motion of the hip and ankle joints, heel-buttock distance (HBD), and straight-legged raise angle were evaluated. Tibial tuberosity development, as assessed with ultrasonography, was classified into 4 stages: cartilaginous, apophyseal, epiphyseal, and bony. Knees that were classified as apophyseal or epiphyseal were investigated. Participants were divided into 3 groups: non-OSD, asymptomatic OSD, and symptomatic OSD. Results: Of 400 knees in the apophyseal and epiphyseal stages, 23 knees had asymptomatic OSD, and 11 had symptomatic OSD. Players with symptomatic OSD practiced for significantly longer than the non-OSD group ( P = .001) and asymptomatic OSD group ( P = .001). Players with symptomatic OSD also had a larger HBD ( P = .006) and smaller range of motion regarding internal rotation of hip ( P = .023) and dorsiflexion of the ankle ( P = .013) than the non-OSD group. Conclusion: Players with symptomatic OSD had longer practice times than the non-OSD and asymptomatic OSD players. Symptomatic OSD was also associated with tightness of the lower limbs as assessed by the HBD and range of motion in the hip and ankle joints.

Three-Dimensional Anatomic Characterization of the Canine Laryngeal Abductor and Adductor Musculature

2000 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 505-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey W. Mineck ◽  
Roger Chan ◽  
Niro Tayama ◽  
Ingo R. Titze
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Moment Arms ◽  
Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscle ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

The biomechanics of vocal fold abduction and adduction during phonation, respiration, and airway protection are not completely understood. Specifically, the rotational and translational forces on the arytenoid cartilages that result from intrinsic laryngeal muscle contraction have not been fully described. Anatomic data on the lines of action and moment arms for the intrinsic laryngeal muscles are also lacking. This study was conducted to quantify the 3-dimensional orientations and the relative cross-sectional areas of the intrinsic abductor and adductor musculature of the canine larynx. Eight canine larynges were used to evaluate the 3 muscles primarily responsible for vocal fold abduction and adduction: the posterior cricoarytenoid, the lateral cricoarytenoid, and the interarytenoid muscles. Each muscle was exposed and divided into discrete fiber bundles whose coordinate positions were digitized in 3-dimensional space. The mass, length, relative cross-sectional area, and angle of orientation for each muscle bundle were obtained to allow for the calculations of average lines of action and moment arms for each muscle. This mapping of the canine laryngeal abductor and adductor musculature provides important anatomic data for use in laryngeal biomechanical modeling. These data may also be useful in surgical procedures such as arytenoid adduction.

Novel Computed Tomography for Reconstructing Three-Dimensional Phase Contrast Images of Single Living Cells

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 827-830
Author(s):  
Yusuke Inoue ◽  
◽  
Ichirou Ishimaru ◽  
Toshiki Yasokawa ◽  
Katsumi Ishizaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Refractive Index ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Index Distribution ◽  
Single Living Cells ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Single Living

We proposed using spectroscopy-tomography of single cells as a diagnostic tool for improving early cancer detection and treatment. This technology potentially obtains the 3D distribution of cellular components at high spatial resolution. We used spectroscopy-tomography to generate and analyze a series of cross-sectional images of a borosilicate glass microsphere 10µm in diameter, easily determining the distribution of internal submicron defects in the microsphere. We also used this to estimate the 3-dimensional refractive index distribution in a single human breast cancer cell. The nucleus, which has a high refractive index, is clearly distinguishable.

scholarly journals Distinct Wrist Patterns Founded on Measurements in Plain Radiographs

2018 ◽  
Vol 07 (05) ◽  
pp. 366-374
Author(s):  
Aviv Kramer ◽  
Raviv Allon ◽  
Frederick Werner ◽  
Idit Lavi ◽  
Alon Wolf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Diagnostic Study ◽  
Scapholunate Ligament ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Radial Inclination ◽  
Level Ii ◽  
Joint Contact ◽  
Midcarpal Joint

Background In joints, structure dictates function and consequently pathology. Interpreting wrist structure is complicated by the existence of multiple joints and variability in bone shapes and anatomical patterns in the wrist. Previous studies evaluated lunate and capitate shape in the midcarpal joint, and two distinct patterns have been identified. Purpose Our purpose was to further characterize the two wrist patterns in normal wrist radiographs using measurements of joint contact and position. Our hypothesis was that we will find significant differences between the two distinct anatomical patterns. Patients and Methods A database of 172 normal adult wrist posteroanterior (PA) radiographs was evaluated for radial inclination, height, length, ulnar variance, volar tilt, radial-styloid-scaphoid distance, and lunate and capitate types. We measured and calculated percent of capitate facet that articulates with the lunate, scapholunate ligament, scaphoid, and trapezoid. These values were compared between the wrist types and whole population. Results Type-1 wrists (lunate type-1 and spherical proximal capitate) were positively associated with a longer facet between capitate and distal lunate (p = 0.01), capitate and base of middle metacarpal (p = 0.004), and shorter facet between the capitate and hamate (p = 0.004). The odds ratio of having a type-1 wrist when the interface between the capitate and lunate measures >8.5 mm is 2.71 (confidence interval [CI] 1.07, 6.87) and when the line between the capitate and the base of middle metacarpal >9.5 mm is 3.5 (CI 1.38, 9.03). Conclusion We characterized the two-wrist patterns using intracarpal measurements. Translating these differences into three-dimensional contact areas may help in the understanding of biomechanical transfer of forces through the wrist. Level of Evidence This is a Level II, diagnostic study.

scholarly journals Youth Single-Sport Specialization in Professional Baseball Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 232596712090787
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Buckley ◽  
Michael C. Ciccotti ◽  
Meghan Bishop ◽  
Patrick Kane ◽  
Stephen Selverian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Youth Baseball ◽  
The Us

Background: An increasing number of youth baseball athletes are specializing in playing baseball at younger ages. Purpose: The purpose of our study was to describe the age and prevalence of single-sport specialization in a cohort of current professional baseball athletes. In addition, we sought to understand the trends surrounding single-sport specialization in professional baseball players raised within and outside the United States (US). Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A survey was distributed to male professional baseball athletes via individual team athletic trainers. Athletes were asked if and at what age they had chosen to specialize in playing baseball at the exclusion of other sports, and data were then collected pertaining to this decision. We analyzed the rate and age of specialization, the reasons for specialization, and the athlete’s perception of injuries related to specialization. Results: A total of 1673 professional baseball athletes completed the survey, representing 26 of the 30 Major League Baseball (MLB) organizations. Less than half (44.5%) of professional athletes specialized in playing a single sport during their childhood/adolescence. Those who reported specializing in their youth did so at a mean age of 14.09 ± 2.79 years. MLB players who grew up outside the US specialized at a significantly earlier age than MLB players native to the US (12.30 ± 3.07 vs 14.89 ± 2.24 years, respectively; P < .001). Additionally, MLB players raised in the US recalled a significantly higher incidence of sustaining an injury attributed to specializing in baseball than MLB athletes raised outside the US (27.7% vs 20.6%, respectively; P = .05). Conclusion: This study challenges the current trends toward early youth sport specialization, finding that the majority of professional baseball athletes studied did not specialize as youth and that those who did specialize did so at a mean age of 14 years. With the potential cumulative effects of pitching and overhead throwing on an athlete’s arm, the trend identified in this study toward earlier specialization within baseball is concerning.

Site and Severity of the Increased Humeral Retroversion in Symptomatic Baseball Players

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1825-1831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuo Itami ◽  
Teruhisa Mihata ◽  
Koji Shibano ◽  
Kazuomi Sugamoto ◽  
Masashi Neo
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
3D Ct ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Elbow Injury ◽  
Humeral Retroversion ◽  
Dominant Side

Background: Humeral retroversion in baseball players is greater in the dominant shoulder than in the nondominant shoulder. However, the site and severity of the humeral rotational deformity remain unclear. Purpose: To evaluate the site of side-to-side differences in humeral retroversion in baseball players and the severity of these changes through 3-dimensional computed tomographic (3D CT) bone models. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: From 2008 to 2014, we studied 25 baseball players (12 pitchers, 13 fielders) who underwent surgery for throwing-related injuries (shoulder injury, 15 players; elbow injury, 10 players). The mean age (±SD) at the time of surgery was 20.0 ± 5.9 years. A reconstructed 3D CT model of the entire humerus was divided into 15 segments of equal height (overall mean, 21.4 ± 1.0 mm). The side-to-side difference in humeral retroversion in each segment was calculated by superimposing the model of the dominant side over the mirror-image model of the nondominant side. Results: The overall mean increase in humeral retroversion was 13.0° ± 6.2° on the dominant side. Significant side-to-side differences in retroversion were present throughout the humerus. The largest side-to-side difference in humeral retroversion was seen at the insertions of the internal rotator muscles (2.5° ± 4.3°) and around the proximal physis (2.5° ± 1.4°). At the insertions of shoulder capsule and rotator cuff tendons, the superior half of the humeral head was more retroverted than the inferior half ( P < .0001). The side-to-side difference in humeral retroversion was significantly greater in the pitchers (16.2° ± 5.1°) than in the fielders (10.0° ± 5.7°) ( P = .009), particularly at the proximal physis. Conclusion: Baseball players exhibited significant side-to-side differences in humeral retroversion at multiple sites throughout the humerus, including the proximal humerus near the epiphyseal plate and at the insertions of the internal rotator muscles, the middle of the humeral shaft, and the distal third of the humerus. Therefore, the increased humeral retroversion at multiple sites throughout the humerus needs to be considered when we perform physical examinations, provide treatment, or undertake biomechanical studies for any throwing-related injuries.

Effect of Forearm Position on Glenohumeral External Rotation Measurements in Baseball Players

2021 ◽  
pp. 194173812110329
Author(s):  
W. Ben Kibler ◽  
Aaron Sciascia ◽  
John Stuart Mattison Pike ◽  
Michael Howell ◽  
Kevin E. Wilk
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Minor League Baseball ◽  
Minor League ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Motion Measurements ◽  
Throwing Motion

Background: Alterations in glenohumeral internal rotation (GIR), glenohumeral external rotation (GER), and the total arc of motion (TAM) have been linked with increased injury risk in the shoulder and elbow. These motions have been routinely measured with the forearm in neutral rotation (GIRN, GERN, TAMN). GER capacity appears to be especially important. The throwing motion, however, requires forearm pronation as GER occurs to achieve optimal cocking (GERP). No previous studies have evaluated GERP to determine GER capacity or pronated TAM (TAMP) values. Hypothesis: There would be significant differences between GERN and TAMN and between GERP and TAMP. Study Design: Cross-sectional. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Sixty asymptomatic male Minor League Baseball players (32 pitchers, 28 position players) participated in the study and were tested on the first day of spring training. Passive range of motion measurements were recorded using a long-arm bubble goniometer for GIRN, GERN, and GERP on both arms. TAM was calculated separately as the sum of internal and external rotational measurements under neutral and pronated conditions. Results: Within pitchers and position players, all measurements were statistically reduced for the throwing arm ( P ≤ 0.03) except for GERN of the pitchers. GERP measures were significantly less than GERN for both arms of each group ( P < 0.01): pitchers throwing arm +11.8°/nonthrowing arm +4.8°, position players throwing arm = +8.6°/nonthrowing arm +4.0°. Conclusion: The forearm position of pronation, which appears to be mediated by tightness of the biceps, decreases GER capacity and TAM. GER and TAM should be calculated in neutral and pronated positions, considering that 80% of the players have a demonstrated difference between 8° and 12°. Clinical Relevance: Measurement of GERP more accurately reflects the GER required in throwing, allows better quantification of the motion capacity necessary to withstand the loads in throwing, and may suggest interventions for at risk athletes.

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