Polish Children’s Perception and Understanding of Physical Education and School Sports

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislaw H. Czyz ◽  
Abel L. Toriola
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Value Orientation ◽  
Physical Domain ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
School Sports ◽  
Age And Gender Differences ◽  
Positive Feelings ◽  
And Gender

A worldwide survey by Hardman and Marshall (2001) indicated a decline in the state and status of Physical Education (PE) in many countries. Using a modified Physical Education and School Sport (PESS) questionnaire (Bailey and Dismore, 2005), we examined age and gender differences in the perception and value orientation of PESS among 285 children in South-West Poland. Data analysis yielded marked age and gender differences with respect to feelings about PESS, its importance relative to other school subjects and development of social skills. Children’s responses were categorized as physical, cognitive, social, affective, lifestyle and environmental based on the outcomes and benefits of PESS (Bailey, 2006). The children attributed their positive feelings toward PESS and favorite part of PESS to the physical domain. This finding was consistent across age and gender categories, except that a tendency toward decline in the importance of the physical domain was found among older children. The need for learners’ value orientation to be considered by teachers and curriculum developers to design and implement quality PESS programs is discussed.

scholarly journals You Pretend, I Laugh: Associations Between Dyadic Pretend Play and Children's Display of Positive Emotions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Rao ◽  
Jenny L. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Pretend Play ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Age And Gender Differences ◽  
And Gender

Background: Understanding how pretend play is related to positive emotions is important for supporting children's development and promoting their wellbeing. However, previous studies have mainly examined this association at individual levels and overlooked the potential links at interpersonal levels. This is an important knowledge gap because pretend play is commonly performed in social contexts. The current study investigates how peer pretend play is associated with children's display of positive emotions at both individual and dyadic levels.Methods: One hundred and eight Chinese children (Mage = 8.95 years, SD = 0.99, 51.9% girls) were observed playing in peer dyads with toys. An interaction of 10 min was coded for each child's pretend play behavior, social and emotional pretend play themes, and display of positive emotions. Multilevel modeling was used to examine age and gender differences in peer pretend play. Actor–Partner Interdependence Models (APIM) were estimated to test the hypothesized associations between dyadic pretend play and children' display of positive emotions.Results: Compared to children whose playmates engaged in less pretend play, children whose playmates engaged in more pretend play were more likely to display positive emotions (p = 0.021). Additionally, children's display of positive emotions was predicted by both their own (p = 0.027) and their playmate's (p = 0.01) pretend play with emotional themes. Compared to younger children, older children were less likely to engage in pretend play (p = 0.002), but more likely to engage in pretend play with social themes (p = 0.03) when the total frequency of pretend play was controlled for. Boys were 4.9 times and 2.16 times as likely as girls to create aggressive pretend themes (p < 0.001) and non-aggressive negative pretend themes (p = 0.007), respectively. No significant gender differences were found in positive pretend themes.Conclusions: Pretending with peers may increase not only children's own, but also their play partner's display of positive emotions. Pretend play may not simply decline in middle childhood as previously assumed.

An investigation of age and gender differences in children’s preferences underlying choice

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie A. Yeh ◽  
Robert D. Jewell ◽  
Cesar Zamudio
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Preference Structure ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Age And Gender Differences ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Choice Tasks

PurposeThis study aims to investigate age and gender differences in young consumers’ attribute preferences that underlie their choice decisions. This research proposes and finds that attribute preferences are moderated by age but not gender. Understanding how children at different ages evaluate a product’s attributes is essential to new children’s product development.Design/methodology/approachHierarchical Bayesian choice-based conjoint analysis was used to assess attribute importance via a series of choice tasks among children and adults. Adults completed the study by survey, whereas children were interviewed and led through the choice tasks.FindingsThis research finds that the preference structure for a product’s attributes differs systematically based on the age of children. Younger children chose based on perceptually salient attributes of a product, whereas older children chose based on cognitively salient attributes. When children’s attribute preferences are compared to adults, older children value attributes more similarly to adults than younger children. While gender differences were proposed and found, further analysis indicated that these differences were driven by adults in the sample and that no gender differences existed in the children’s age categories.Originality/valueThis study is the first to study children’s preference structure in complex choices with different ages preferring different attributes. By using conjoint analysis, this research is able to understand children’s underlying decision process, as utility scores are obtained providing a level of precision for understanding the underlying process of children’s choices that other studies have not used.

scholarly journals Exploiting the Molecular Basis of Age and Gender Differences in Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Infections.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Mercatelli ◽  
Elisabetta Pedace ◽  
Pierangelo Veltri ◽  
Federico M. Giorgi ◽  
Pietro Hiram Guzzi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Age And Gender Differences ◽  
And Gender

Do They Really Mean It? Children’s Inference of Speaker Intentions and the Role of Age and Gender

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-712
Author(s):  
K. Rothermich ◽  
O. Caivano ◽  
L.J. Knoll ◽  
V. Talwar
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Video Clip ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
Age And Gender Differences ◽  
Speaker Intentions ◽  
And Gender

Interpreting other people’s intentions during communication represents a remarkable challenge for children. Although many studies have examined children’s understanding of, for example, sarcasm, less is known about their interpretation. Using realistic audiovisual scenes, we invited 124 children between 8 and 12 years old to watch video clips of young adults using different speaker intentions. After watching each video clip, children answered questions about the characters and their beliefs, and the perceived friendliness of the speaker. Children’s responses reveal age and gender differences in the ability to interpret speaker belief and social intentions, especially for scenarios conveying teasing and prosocial lies. We found that the ability to infer speaker belief of prosocial lies and to interpret social intentions increases with age. Our results suggest that children at the age of 8 years already show adult-like abilities to understand literal statements, whereas the ability to infer specific social intentions, such as teasing and prosocial lies, is still developing between the age of 8 and 12 years. Moreover, girls performed better in classifying prosocial lies and sarcasm as insincere than boys. The outcomes expand our understanding of how children observe speaker intentions and suggest further research into the development of teasing and prosocial lie interpretation.

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