Effect of Body Size on Treadmill Economy in Female Adolescents and Adults

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-310
Author(s):  
Colleen M. Grossner ◽  
Emily M. Johnson ◽  
Marco E. Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Oxygen Cost ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Cost Differences ◽  
Main Factor

Differences in oxygen uptake (VO2) relative to body mass between children and adults walking or running at a given speed might be the result of body size differences. In order to determine whether body size is the main factor affecting these differences in VO2 per kg, we investigated treadmill economy in 10 female adolescents (girls) and 10 women who were matched for body size. There were no significant differences between groups in anthropometrics, stride frequency, or VO2peak. Mean mass-specific VO2 was not significantly different during walking (girls: 12.3 ± 1.7 ml·kg-1·min-1; women: 10.9 ± 1.4 ml·kg-1·min-1) or running (girls: 30.5 ± 3.5 ml·kg-1·min-1; women: 29.0 ± 2.0 ml·kg-1·min-1). Body size appears to have the largest effect on oxygen cost differences usually seen between girls and women during locomotion.

Speed, stride frequency and energy cost per stride: how do they change with body size and gait?

1988 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Heglund ◽  
C. R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Frequency Change ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
The Cost

In this study we investigate how speed and stride frequency change with body size. We use this information to define ‘equivalent speeds’ for animals of different size and to explore the factors underlying the six-fold difference in mass-specific energy cost of locomotion between mouse- and horse-sized animals at these speeds. Speeds and stride frequencies within a trot and a gallop were measured on a treadmill in 16 species of wild and domestic quadrupeds, ranging in body size from 30 g mice to 200 kg horses. We found that the minimum, preferred and maximum sustained speeds within a trot and a gallop all change in the same rather dramatic manner with body size, differing by nine-fold between mice and horses (i.e. all three speeds scale with about the 0.2 power of body mass). Although the absolute speeds differ greatly, the maximum sustainable speed was about 2.6-fold greater than the minimum within a trot, and 2.1-fold greater within a gallop. The frequencies used to sustain the equivalent speeds (with the exception of the minimum trotting speed) scale with about the same factor, the −0.15 power of body mass. Combining this speed and frequency data with previously published data on the energetic cost of locomotion, we find that the mass-specific energetic cost of locomotion is almost directly proportional to the stride frequency used to sustain a constant speed at all the equivalent speeds within a trot and a gallop, except for the minimum trotting speed (where it changes by a factor of two over the size range of animals studied). Thus the energy cost per kilogram per stride at five of the six equivalent speeds is about the same for all animals, independent of body size, but increases with speed: 5.0 J kg-1 stride-1 at the preferred trotting speed; 5.3 J kg-1 stride-1 at the trot-gallop transition speed; 7.5 J kg-1 stride-1 at the preferred galloping speed; and 9.4 J kg-1 stride-1 at the maximum sustained galloping speed. The cost of locomotion is determined primarily by the cost of activating muscles and of generating a unit of force for a unit of time. Our data show that both these costs increase directly with the stride frequency used at equivalent speeds by different-sized animals. The increase in cost per stride with muscles (necessitating higher muscle forces for the same ground reaction force) as stride length increases both in the trot and in the gallop.

scholarly journals Peak Oxygen Uptake Responses to Training in Obese Adolescents: A Multilevel Allometric Framework to Partition the Influence of Body Size and Maturity Status

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Humberto M. Carvalho ◽  
Gerusa E. Milano ◽  
Wendell A. Lopes ◽  
António J. Figueiredo ◽  
Rosana B. Radominski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Positive Effect

The influence of body size and maturation on the responses in peak oxygen uptake (VO2) to a 12-week aerobic training and nutritional intervention in obese boys (; 10–16 years) was examined using multilevel allometric regressions. Anthropometry, sexual maturity status, peak VO2, and body composition were measured pre- and postintervention. Significant decrements for body mass, body mass indexz-score, and waist circumference and increments for stature, fat-free mass, and peak oxygen uptake were observed after intervention. Partitioning body size on peak VO2, the responses of the individuals to training were positive (11.8% to 12.7% for body mass; 7.6% to 8.1% for fat-free mass). Body mass and fat-free mass were found as significant explanatory variables, with an additional positive effect for chronological. The allometric coefficients () in the initial models were and for body mass and fat-free mass, respectively. The coefficients decreased when age was considered ( for body mass; for fat-free mass). Including maturity indicator in the models was not significant, thus the influence of variability in sexual maturity status in responses to exercise-based intervention in peak VO2may be mediated by the changes in body dimensions.

Does size matter? The effects of body size and declining oxygen tension on oxygen uptake in gastropods

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 1603-1617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Islay D. Marsden ◽  
Sandra E. Shumway ◽  
Dianna K. Padilla
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Tissue Weight ◽  
Oxygen Conditions ◽  
Size Matter

Metabolic rate is one of the most frequently measured physiological variables and the relationship between oxygen uptake and body mass is one of the most controversial issues in biology. The present study used closed chamber respirometry to compare the oxygen uptake of 32 species of benthic British gastropod molluscs of a wide size-range (from less than 0.001 g to greater than 10 g dry tissue weight). We investigated the effects of body size on the respiratory rate at 10°C to explore the evolutionary and phylogenetically determined patterns of metabolic scaling both among different gastropods groups, and within siphonate and asiphonate caenogastropods. Resting oxygen uptake (O2) increased with body mass (W) with a slope value of 0.6 using both ordinary least squares (OLS) and standard major axis (SMA) where N = 488, over a 6 fold range of body mass. The slopes b of the regression lines relating oxygen uptake to body mass were similar for all heterobranch molluscs and most caenogastropods. Highest mass-specific rates for oxygen consumption were found for the smallest littorinid species. Trophic mode significantly affected the amount of oxygen consumed with higher oxygen uptake in herbivores than other groups, including detritivores and predators. All of the gastropods reduced their oxygen consumption when exposed to declining oxygen conditions; however, about a third of the species exhibited partial regulation at higher oxygen partial pressures. When exposed to 20% normal saturation levels, smaller gastropods respired at approximately 25% of their rates in fully saturated seawater whereas larger species (above 0.1 g dry tissue weight) respired at approximately 35% of the values recorded at full saturation. Our study suggests that a scaling exponent relating O2 to body mass of 0.6 is typical and may be ‘universal’ for gastropods. It is below the 0.75 scaling exponent which has been proposed for ectothermic invertebrates. It is concluded that size does matter in determining the metabolic patterns of gastropods and that the quantity of oxygen consumed and the energy balance of gastropods is affected by activity, food type and exposure to declining oxygen conditions.

Economy of running: beyond the measurement of oxygen uptake

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 1918-1922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared R. Fletcher ◽  
Shane P. Esau ◽  
Brian R. MacIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Lactate Threshold ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Oxygen Cost ◽  
Distance Runners

The purpose of this study was to compare running economy across three submaximal speeds expressed as both oxygen cost (ml·kg−1·km−1) and the energy required to cover a given distance (kcal·kg−1·km−1) in a group of trained male distance runners. It was hypothesized that expressing running economy in terms of caloric unit cost would be more sensitive to changes in speed than oxygen cost by accounting for differences associated with substrate utilization. Sixteen highly trained male distance runners [maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) 66.5 ± 5.6 ml·kg−1·min−1, body mass 67.9 ± 7.3 kg, height 177.6 ± 7.0 cm, age 24.6 ± 5.0 yr] ran on a motorized treadmill for 5 min with a gradient of 0% at speeds corresponding to 75%, 85%, and 95% of speed at lactate threshold with 5-min rest between stages. Oxygen uptake was measured via open-circuit calorimetry. Average oxygen cost was 221 ± 19, 217 ± 15, and 221 ± 13 ml·kg−1·km−1, respectively. Caloric unit cost was 1.05 ± 0.09, 1.07 ± 0.08, and 1.11 ± 0.07 kcal·kg−1·km−1 at the three trial speeds, respectively. There was no difference in oxygen cost with respect to speed ( P = 0.657); however, caloric unit cost significantly increased with speed ( P < 0.001). It was concluded that expression of running economy in terms of caloric unit cost is more sensitive to changes in speed and is a more valuable expression of running economy than oxygen uptake, even when normalized per distance traveled.

Allometric scaling of peak oxygen uptake in male roller hockey players under 17 years old

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 390-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Valente-dos-Santos ◽  
Lauren Sherar ◽  
Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva ◽  
João R. Pereira ◽  
Vasco Vaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Model Combining ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Size Descriptor

Peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) is routinely expressed in litres per minute and by unit of body mass (mL·kg−1·min−1) despite the theoretical and statistical limitations of using ratios. Allometric modeling is an effective approach for partitioning body-size effects in a performance variable. The current study examined the relationships among chronological age (CA), skeletal age (SA), total body and appendicular size descriptors, and V̇O2peakin male adolescent roller hockey players. Seventy-three Portuguese, highly trained male athletes (CA, 15.4 ± 0.6 years; SA, 16.4 ± 1.5 years; stature, 169.9 ± 6.9 cm; body mass, 63.7 ± 10.7 kg; thigh volume, 4.8 ± 1.0 L) performed an incremental maximal test on a motorized treadmill. Exponents for body size descriptors were 2.15 for stature (R2= 0.30, p < 0.01) and 0.55 for thigh volume (R2= 0.46, p < 0.01). The combination of stature or thigh volume and CA or SA, and CA2or SA2, increased the explained variance in V̇O2peak(R2ranged from 0.30 to 0.55). The findings of the allometric model combining more than 1 body size descriptor (i.e., stature and thigh volume) in addition to SA and CA2were not significant. Results suggest that thigh volume and SA are the main contributors to interindividual variability in aerobic fitness.

scholarly journals Reference values for maximum oxygen uptake relative to body mass in Dutch/Flemish subjects aged 6–65 years: the LowLands Fitness Registry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geertje E. van der Steeg ◽  
Tim Takken
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
European Population ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Uptake ◽  
List Type ◽  
Maximum Effort

Abstract Background The maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is considered the best measure of cardiorespiratory fitness. Aim To provide up-to-date reference values for the VO2max per kilogram of body mass (VO2max/kg) obtained by CPET in the Netherlands and Flanders. Methods The Lowlands Fitness Registry contains data from health checks among different professions and was used for this study. Data from 4612 apparently healthy subjects, 3671 males and 941 females, who performed maximum effort during cycle ergometry were analysed. Reference values for the VO2max/kg and corresponding centile curves were created according to the LMS method. Results Age had a negative significant effect (p < .001) and males had higher values of VO2max/kg with an overall difference of 18.0% compared to females. Formulas for reference values were developed: Males: VO2max/kg = − 0.0049 × age2 + 0.0884 × age + 48.263 (R2 = 0.9859; SEE = 1.4364) Females: VO2max/kg = − 0.0021 × age2 − 0.1407 × age + 43.066 (R2 = 0.9989; SEE = 0.5775). Cross-validation showed no relevant statistical mean difference between measured and predicted values for males and a small but significant mean difference for females. We found remarkable higher VO2max/kg values compared to previously published studies. Conclusions This is the first study to provide reference values for the VO2max/kg based on a Dutch/Flemish cohort. Our reference values can be used for a more accurate interpretation of the VO2max in the West-European population.

scholarly journals Morphological determinants of jumping performance in the Iberian green frog

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-424
Author(s):  
Gregorio Moreno-Rueda ◽  
Abelardo Requena-Blanco ◽  
Francisco J Zamora-Camacho ◽  
Mar Comas ◽  
Guillem Pascual
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Limb Length ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Jumping Performance ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Pelophylax Perezi

Abstract Predation is one of the main selective forces in nature, frequently selecting potential prey for developing escape strategies. Escape ability is typically influenced by several morphological parameters, such as morphology of the locomotor appendices, muscular capacity, body mass, or fluctuating asymmetry, and may differ between sexes and age classes. In this study, we tested the relationship among these variables and jumping performance in 712 Iberian green frogs Pelophylax perezi from an urban population. The results suggest that the main determinant of jumping capacity was body size (explaining 48% of variance). Larger frogs jumped farther, but jumping performance reached an asymptote for the largest frogs. Once controlled by structural body size, the heaviest frogs jumped shorter distances, suggesting a trade-off between fat storage and jumping performance. Relative hind limb length also determined a small but significant percentage of variance (2.4%) in jumping performance—that is, the longer the hind limbs, the greater the jumping capacity. Juveniles had relatively shorter and less muscular hind limbs than adults (for a given body size), and their jumping performance was poorer. In our study population, the hind limbs of the frogs were very symmetrical, and we found no effect of fluctuating asymmetry on jumping performance. Therefore, our study provides evidence that jumping performance in frogs is not only affected by body size, but also by body mass and hind limb length, and differ between age classes.

scholarly journals The Influence of Maturation on the Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Rogowski ◽  
Justin P. Guilkey ◽  
Brooke R. Stephens ◽  
Andrew S. Cole ◽  
Anthony D. Mahon
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Graded Exercise ◽  
Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
One Way Anova

This study examined the influence of maturation on the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) in healthy male subjects. Seventy-six healthy male subjects (8–27 yr) were divided into groups based on maturation status: prepubertal (PP), midpubertal (MP), late-pubertal (LP), and young-adult (YA) males. Puberty status was determined by physical examination. Subjects performed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer to determine OUES. Group differences were assessed using a one-way ANOVA. OUES values (VO2L·min1/log10VEL·min−1) were lower in PP and MP compared with LP and YA (p < .05). When OUES was expressed relative to body mass (VO2mL·kg−1·min−1/log10VEmL·kg−1·min−1) differences between groups reversed whereby PP and MP had higher mass relative OUES values compared with LP and YA (p < .05). Adjusting OUES by measures of body mass failed to eliminate differences across maturational groups. This suggests that qualitative factors, perhaps related to oxidative metabolism, account for the responses observed in this study.

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