Media Images of Male and Female Professional Athletes: An Interpretive Analysis of Magazine Articles

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan C. Hilliard
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Interpretive Analysis ◽  
Professional Tennis ◽  
Mass Circulation ◽  
Magazine Articles ◽  
Masculine Gender Roles

An interpretive analysis of mass circulation magazine articles on leading male and female professional tennis players indicates that both groups are treated in terms of a “debunking motif” which reveals their imperfections and character flaws. The flaws identified among the women are closely associated with stereotypically feminine gender roles, while the flaws observed among the men are associated with stereotypically masculine gender roles. Thus, the articles reinforce the concept of professional sport as a male preserve, while suggesting an underlying traditionally feminine gender role for the female athletes. It is argued that this construction of the female athlete role derives from the commercial sponsorship of professional tennis.

scholarly journals Introducing instagagement: analyzing the engagement rates of professional tennis players through self-presentation strategies on Instagram

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Lebel
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Athletic Competence ◽  
Professional Tennis ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Fan Engagement

This study explored the self-presentation strategies of male and female professional tennis players on the visual-based social media platform, Instagram, and explored the differences that exist between genders relative to fan engagement. A total of 963 Instagram posts were analyzed through content analyses of the top ten most followed professional male and female tennis players. Findings suggest that down-to-earth posts were the most common selfpresentation strategy for both genders; however, male athletes were found to post in a wider variety of categories. Sport specific presentations of self (athletic competence, behind-the-scenes and celebratory) were found to be significantly more popular among male athletes, constituting 46.1% of their sample, compared to 24.5% of the female athlete sample. Fan engagement rates revealed that followers of male athletes engaged with celebratory content the most, while followers of female athletes engaged most with sexualized content.

scholarly journals Introducing instagagement: analyzing the engagement rates of professional tennis players through self-presentation strategies on Instagram

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Lebel
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Athletic Competence ◽  
Professional Tennis ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Fan Engagement

This study explored the self-presentation strategies of male and female professional tennis players on the visual-based social media platform, Instagram, and explored the differences that exist between genders relative to fan engagement. A total of 963 Instagram posts were analyzed through content analyses of the top ten most followed professional male and female tennis players. Findings suggest that down-to-earth posts were the most common selfpresentation strategy for both genders; however, male athletes were found to post in a wider variety of categories. Sport specific presentations of self (athletic competence, behind-the-scenes and celebratory) were found to be significantly more popular among male athletes, constituting 46.1% of their sample, compared to 24.5% of the female athlete sample. Fan engagement rates revealed that followers of male athletes engaged with celebratory content the most, while followers of female athletes engaged most with sexualized content.

Homonegativism Experienced by Lesbian Collegiate Athletes

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikki Krane
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Athletic Teams

This study is an examination of homonegativism in sport as described by lesbian collegiate athletes. These athletes (N = 12) participated in semi-structured interviews about their athletic experiences. Analysis of the homonegtive experiences of these athletes revealed three mechanisms inherent in homonegativism in sport. These were (a) discomfort with females who do not conform with the traditional feminine gender-role, (b) application of the lesbian label, and (c) distancing from the lesbian label. Female athletes perceived to act in a manner contrary to traditional gender-roles are labeled as lesbians. Through this labeling society reinforces traditional gender-roles and, ultimately, protects male dominance in sport. Many of the labels heard by the athletes reflected stereotypical beliefs about lesbians. The athletes described many situations where coaches and administrators attempted to promote or preserve a feminine image within their athletic teams and programs. The disempowering aspects of homonegativism also were revealed as lesbian athletes felt powerless to challenge homonegativism in sport.

Deuce or advantage? Examining gender bias in online coverage of professional tennis

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Yip
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Gender Representations ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Gender Beliefs ◽  
Professional Tennis ◽  
Official Site ◽  
Gender Specific

Despite the increasing popularity of women’s sports, it has generally been found that female athletes receive less media coverage and are portrayed negatively with myriad gender-specific descriptors. Such biased representations warrant attention as they construct and reinforce traditional gender beliefs. This study compared the representations of female and male tennis players on the official site of the Australian Open 2015 and ESPN. A total of 357 articles were analysed using content analysis. The findings showed that gender representations on the two media outlets were quite similar as they both portrayed female players more negatively than male players by focusing on a few areas directly or indirectly: athletic weaknesses, negative skills, mental weaknesses and non-competitive roles (including appearance, attire, family and personal relationship). However, the use of certain descriptors might indicate the possibility of more gender-neutral representations of athletes in the future. It was concluded that while hegemonic masculinity was challenged at times, stereotypical beliefs about females were largely reinforced in the mediated gender representations on the two websites.

Iron Status of Highly Active Adolescents: Evidence of Depleted Iron Stores in Gymnasts

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naama W. Constantini ◽  
Alon Eliakim ◽  
Levana Zigel ◽  
Michal Yaaron ◽  
Bareket Falk
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Ferritin Level ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Iron Stores

Much attention has focused on the nutrition and hematological profile of female athletes, especially gymnasts. The few studies on iron status of male adolescent athletes found a low incidence of iron deficiency. The present study investigated the iron status of male and female gymnasts (G) and compared it with athletes of other sports. Subjects were 68 elite athletes (43 M, 25 F) ages 12-18, of four sports: gymnasts (11 M, 12 F), swimmers (11 M, 6 F), tennis players (10 M, 4 F), and table tennis players (11 M, 3 F). All lived in the national center for gifted athletes, trained over 25 hr a week, ate in the same dining room, and shared a similar lifestyle. Mean levels of hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell indexes, serum ferritin, serum iron, and transferrin were measured in venous blood. There was no difference in mean Rb among gymnasts (G) and nongymnasts (NG). However, Hb was less than 14 g/dL in 45% of M G vs. only 25% in NG, and less than 13 g/dL in 25% of premenarcheal FG vs. 15% in NG. Low transferrin saturation (< 20%) was detected in 18% of M G and 25% of FG vs. 6% and 8% in male and female NG, respectively (p < .05). The percentage of males suffering from low ferritin level (< 20 ng/ml) was twice as high in G (36%) vs. NG (19%), and about 30% in all females. In summary, iron stores were consistently lower in M G vs. NG. Adolescent athletes of both genders, G in particular, are prone to nonanemic iron deficiency, which might compromise their health and athletic performance.

scholarly journals Serve profile of male and female professional tennis players at the 2015 Roland Garros Grand Slam tournament

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Torres-Luque ◽  
J. C. Blanca-Torres ◽  
D. Cabello-Manrique ◽  
A. I. Fernández-García
Keyword(s):  
Male And Female ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Professional Tennis

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ENTREPRENEURIAL RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE FRANCHISE CONTEXT

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 1450026 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM R. MEEK ◽  
DIANE M. SULLIVAN ◽  
JOHN MUELLER
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Interpersonal Justice ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Potential Barriers

This study examines how entrepreneurial relationship variables such as trust, conflict, interpersonal justice (IJ) and satisfaction differ among a group of male and female franchisees. Results suggest differences exist between these two groups in relation to conflict, IJ and trust with their franchisor. These results are consistent with research on feminine gender roles and research that suggests female entrepreneurs are more relationship oriented throughout the entrepreneurial process. The results further make a case for the importance of empirically examining different entrepreneurial relationship variables in future research on gender and entrepreneurship, and illustrate the power of the franchising business model in breaking down potential barriers of gender discrimination for female entrepreneurs.

Assimilation gaming: The reification of compulsory gender roles in RuPaul’s Drag Race

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-171
Author(s):  
Michael Anthony DeAnda
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Gay Community ◽  
Game Mechanics ◽  
Visual Pleasure ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Subversion

This article analyses the ‘Bunk Buddies’ mini-challenge on Season 8 of RuPaul’s Drag Race (2009–present, USA: World of Wonder), during which the competitors identified the sexual positions of Andrew Christian models. In this episode (‘Shady Politics’ 2016), gaming and camera technologies work in tandem to repackage heteronormative models of gender and sexual identity for gay audiences. While the mini-challenge offers Andrew Christian models for visual pleasure of gay audiences, the game mechanics and camera angles reify masculine/feminine gender binaries in the way the preferred sexual positions between men are constructed, coding ‘tops’ as masculine and ‘bottoms’ as feminine. While stereotypes in the gay community also present similar understandings of compulsory gender roles, this depiction in RuPaul’s Drag Race, a groundbreaking television series celebrating gay lives and gender subversion through drag, is particularly troubling because it mythologizes a binary gender model that cites the heterosexual matrix and assimilates gay men into traditional male and female gender roles according to their preferred sexual positions. The ‘Bunk Buddies’ challenge thus suggests that sexual positions between men also have a literacy based on masculinity (penetrating) and femininity (receiving).

scholarly journals The Impact of Attractiveness on Athletic Performance of Tennis Players

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linn-Brit Bakkenbüll
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Prize Money ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Professional Tennis ◽  
Gender Specific Differences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gender Specific

The present study examines whether there is an impact of physical attractiveness on athletic performance of professional tennis players. Moreover, this study analyses whether there are gender-specific differences. Different multiple regressions reveal a significantly positive relationship between physical attractiveness and athletic performance. Regression results show that there are no differences between male and female tennis players. Furthermore, this study examines determinants that influence athletic performance. For managers or coaches, the findings suggest that managers or coaches would benefit from hiring more attractive tennis players. More attractive and therefore more successful tennis players may earn higher prize money and generate greater contracts, for example, in terms of sponsoring. This also creates greater revenues for managers or coaches. This holds true for both, male and female tennis players.

Assimilation gaming: The reification of compulsory gender roles in RuPaul’s Drag Race

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-171
Author(s):  
Michael Anthony DeAnda
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Gay Community ◽  
Game Mechanics ◽  
Visual Pleasure ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Subversion

This article analyses the ‘Bunk Buddies’ mini-challenge on Season 8 of RuPaul’s Drag Race (2009–present, USA: World of Wonder), during which the competitors identified the sexual positions of Andrew Christian models. In this episode (‘Shady Politics’ 2016), gaming and camera technologies work in tandem to repackage heteronormative models of gender and sexual identity for gay audiences. While the mini-challenge offers Andrew Christian models for visual pleasure of gay audiences, the game mechanics and camera angles reify masculine/feminine gender binaries in the way the preferred sexual positions between men are constructed, coding ‘tops’ as masculine and ‘bottoms’ as feminine. While stereotypes in the gay community also present similar understandings of compulsory gender roles, this depiction in RuPaul’s Drag Race, a groundbreaking television series celebrating gay lives and gender subversion through drag, is particularly troubling because it mythologizes a binary gender model that cites the heterosexual matrix and assimilates gay men into traditional male and female gender roles according to their preferred sexual positions. The ‘Bunk Buddies’ challenge thus suggests that sexual positions between men also have a literacy based on masculinity (penetrating) and femininity (receiving).

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