German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research
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Published By Springer-Verlag

2509-3150, 2509-3142

Author(s):  
Ulrike Burrmann ◽  
Stephan Sielschott ◽  
Sebastian Braun

ZusammenfassungBereits vor der Corona-Pandemie berichteten immer mehr Sportvereine von zurückgehenden Mitgliederzahlen, episodischen Engagements und Schwierigkeiten bei der Gewinnung und Bindung von freiwillig Engagierten. Angesichts der komplexen Einschränkungen der Sportvereins- und geselligen Aktivitäten während der Corona-Pandemie stellt sich die Frage, wie diese außergewöhnliche soziale Situation die Mitgliederbindung in Vereinen beeinflusst hat und welche Bedeutung dem Sozialkapital zukommt. Der vorliegende Beitrag, in dem die Mitgliederbindung nach der Corona-Pandemie abgeschätzt werden soll, greift eine Forschungslücke auf, wobei v. a. die Relevanz von verschiedenen Sozialkapitalindikatoren betrachtet wird. Basis der empirischen Analysen bildet eine repräsentative Bevölkerungsbefragung, die Ende 2020/Anfang 2021 durchgeführt wurde. Die Mitgliederbindung der Sportvereinsmitglieder ist nach wie vor recht hoch. Sozialkapitalindikatoren, die sich eng auf den Sportverein beziehen, erklären wenig zur Vorhersage der Mitgliederbindung. Neben den im Verein wahrgenommenen Reziprozitätsnormen erhöhen Hilfsbereitschaft und Ingroup-Vertrauen die Bindung an den Verein, während Geselligkeitsorientierung und Outgroup-Vertrauen die Wahrscheinlichkeit verringern, auch nach der Pandemie noch Mitglied im Verein zu sein. Unter Einbeziehung aller Prädiktoren erhöht sich die Modellgüte auf knapp 26 %. Neben wenigen soziodemographischen Merkmalen tragen v. a. mitgliedschaftsbezogene Merkmale (z. B. Krisenmanagement des Vereins) zur Varianzaufklärung bei. Hilfsbereitschaft, Outgroup-Vertrauen und tendenziell auch Geselligkeitsorientierung stellen im Gesamtmodell die einzigen bedeutsamen Sozialkapitalindikatoren dar, wenngleich sie mit beachtlichen Gewichten zur Varianzaufklärung beitragen.


Author(s):  
Steffen Greve ◽  
Jessica Süßenbach

AbstractIn the German National Wheelchair Basketball League, men and women play together. On the national teams, on the other hand, they play separately according to gender. In addition, people without disabilities can also participate in wheelchair basketball. The differences in terms of disability and gender are to be classified and, if possible, eliminated in the competition with a classification system. The intersectional analysis of 12 biographical interviews with current national team players shows a clear reproduction of a traditional gender order. The women report various hierarchical relationships on the playing field that are obviously based on gender. Men play in more important positions and are considered more efficient. Yet these phenomena are mostly taken for granted and hardly questioned. Likewise, certain characteristics are attributed and certain roles are assigned to female players based on their gender. The men interviewed do not see these phenomena or do not reflect on them critically. The difference category of disability also has an influence on the competition setting and the gender discrimination.


Author(s):  
Julia Wolf ◽  
Jens Kleinert ◽  
Fabian Pels ◽  
Anna Vogelsang

AbstractThe aims of this study were to translate and validate an extended German-language version of the Perceived Locus of Causality Questionnaire (PLOCQ), a questionnaire that assesses behavioural regulations in the physical education (PE) context. Items assessing integrated regulation were added given that the original PLOCQ omits this factor. The sample consisted of 223 students from different German secondary schools. Psychometric analyses provided support for the six factors and 24-item model. Inter-correlations among the factors predominantly mirrored a simplex-like structure, except for the correlations between introjected and identified regulation and integrated regulation and its adjacent forms of regulation. Construct validity was demonstrated with positive correlations between the autonomous forms of regulation on the one hand and task orientation, perceived competence, and enjoyment on the other. Overall, this study showed that the PLOCQ‑G with six factors and 24 items has good psychometric properties and can be used to assess behavioural regulations in German PE students.


Author(s):  
Nils Beckmann

AbstractA statistical analysis is presented that investigates the dependence of team cities’ geographical distances on the effect of home advantage (HA) for 57 years of the men’s German first soccer division (“Bundesliga”), including 17,376 matches (seasons starting from 1964 to 2020). The data shows that the HA can clearly be evidenced in the past and present (statistical p‑value < 0.01) and that it also exists for negligible distances (p < 0.01). The HA and the influence of distance on the HA both significantly decreased gradually over the last decades (p < 0.01). For the first and only time, the HA reversed into an away advantage (AA) for the season 2019/2020 (p < 0.01). The influence of distance on HA has been significant (p < 0.01) in the past (before about 1990) and contributed roughly by about half, compared to a situation without HA or AA. It increases with distance and saturates at around 100 km. Such saturation behaviour is in line with results from higher divisions of other countries with similar travelling distances such as Italy, Turkey and England. However, the distance-dependent contribution to HA has been approximately halved and reduced to an insignificant amount today. Furthermore, the temporal HA reduction is significantly larger for large distances compared to short distances (p < 0.01). Reporting and quantifying a reduction (p < 0.01) of the distance-dependent contribution to HA over a time span of 57 years is novel.


Author(s):  
Carmen Borggrefe

ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Beitrag greift die Debatte über die Anerkennung wettkampfmäßiger Video- und Computerspiele – des sogenannten eSports – als Sport auf und verfolgt das Ziel, systemtheoretische Überlegungen zur Abgrenzung von Sport und eSport zu elaborieren. Dazu wird erstens erläutert, welche erkenntnistheoretische Position dem systemtheoretischen Ansatz zugrunde liegt. Zweitens wird Sport gesellschaftstheoretisch beobachtet, um die Einheit des Sportsystems zu bestimmen und Formen der strukturellen Kopplung mit anderen gesellschaftlichen Teilsystemen zu reflektieren. Drittens erfolgt eine organisationstheoretische Beobachtung von Sport und eSport, bei der die Integration von eSport als Entscheidungsproblem von Organisationen konstruiert wird. Und viertens werden weitere Perspektiven einer wissenschaftlichen Beobachtung von Sport und eSport skizziert.


Author(s):  
Sven Schneider ◽  
Hans-Guido Mücke

AbstractClimate change will have complex consequences for the environment, society, economy and people’s health. The issue of climate change has received comparatively little attention to date in the fields of sports science. Thus, sport-related health risks caused by climate change are discussed and summarized in a conceptual model presented here for the first time. Climate change is associated with the following increases of health-related risks for athletes in particular: Direct consequences caused by extreme temperature and other extreme weather events (e.g. increasing risks due to heatwaves, thunderstorms, floods, lightning, ultraviolet radiation) and indirect consequences as a result of climate-induced changes to our ecosystem (e.g. due to increased air pollution by ozone, higher exposures to allergens, increasing risks of infection by viruses and bacteria and the associated vectors and reservoir organisms). Each aspect is supplemented with advice on the prevention of health hazards. Not only individual athletes but also sports organizations and local clubs will have to respond to the changes in our climate, so that they can appropriately protect both athletes and spectators and ensure a plannable continuation of the sport in the future.


Author(s):  
Steffen C. E. Schmidt ◽  
Alexander Burchartz ◽  
Simon Kolb ◽  
Claudia Niessner ◽  
Doris Oriwol ◽  
...  

AbstractThe COVID‑19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic created a multitude of natural experiments about the change of human behavior in a widely unfamiliar situation. Besides physical and mental health, physical activity (PA) and people’s movement behaviors were of particular interest to researchers all over the world. In a recent study, we found that among youth in Germany, sports activity declined, whereas recreational screen time and habitual activity increased during the first COVID‑19 lockdown. In the present study, we analyze the influence of the socioeconomic status and the housing situation on the changes in PA behavior and recreational screen-time before and during the first COVID‑19 lockdown among children and adolescents living in Germany. We found an alignment of PA behavior among youth from families with different socioeconomic backgrounds during the first lockdown and identified the housing situation to be a meaningful predictor of the increase in habitual activity. We conclude that restriction policies, communities, and in the last instance parents need to enable access to nonorganized PA to all children and adolescents every day and especially during potential future lockdowns.


Author(s):  
Moritz Mödinger ◽  
Alexander Woll ◽  
Ingo Wagner

AbstractWhile studies have indicated that visual feedback promotes skill acquisition and motor learning in controlled settings and for various sports, less is known about its feasibility in physical education, which has specific needs and conditions. For this reason, a systematic literature review was conducted regarding video-based visual feedback in physical education. Out of 2030 initially examined studies, 11 matched the selection and quality criteria. The goal was to determine whether visual feedback can be effective regarding motor learning in physical education in primary and secondary schools, and to investigate whether different visual feedback variants (expert modeling and self-modeling), supported by verbal feedback, are more effective than verbal feedback alone. Subsequently, the different conditions (e.g., age, group size, duration) of the included studies were evaluated for their suitability for everyday applications. Video-based visual feedback seems to be effective to enhance motor learning in physical education and seems to be more effective than solely verbal feedback. However, the results show that the specific conditions (class size, scheduled lessons, available time, technical equipment, the digital literacy of teachers, and data protection) of a school environment must be considered before implementing visual video feedback in daily practice.


Author(s):  
Andrew Sortwell ◽  
Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo ◽  
Jorge Knijnik ◽  
Pedro Forte ◽  
Daniel Marinho ◽  
...  
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