Classification of Disabled Athletes: (Dis)Empowering the Paralympic Practice Community

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. David Howe ◽  
Carwyn Jones
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Functional System ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Organization And Management ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Paralympic Sport ◽  
Practice Community ◽  
Paralympic Games

In recent years the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), the institution responsible for the administration, organization, and management of the Paralympic Games, has reshaped the landscape of sport for the disabled. This article argues that the IPC has marginalized the practice community, notably the International Organizations of Sport for the Disabled. By wrestling away control of the classification systems developed by these organizations, the IPC has transformed them to such an extent that they fail to provide opportunities for equitable sporting practice and the result has been a threat to the ideology of Paralympism. We illustrate this by examining two classification systems that are currently used within Paralympic Sport: the integrated functional system employed in the sport of swimming and the disability-specific system used within athletics.

scholarly journals The Development of Medical Care in Polish Paralympic Sport

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Wojciech Gawroński ◽  
Joanna Sobiecka
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Massage Therapist ◽  
Domestic Literature ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Athletes With Disabilities ◽  
Paralympic Sport ◽  
Medicine Analysis ◽  
Paralympic Games

Precursory preparticipation examination among athletes took place during the interwar period of the 20th century at university centres, which laid the foundation for present sports and medical counselling. The first study was founded in Lvov in 1924. Initially, care was provided for non-disabled athletes, despite the fact that international sport organizations for the disabled athletes were established in those years. The interest in medical care of athletes with disabilities increased at the end of the previous century, along with the development of Paralympic sport. At the beginning of the 21st century, entire chapters devoted to this subject appeared in sports medicine textbooks. In 2018, in the book titled “Adaptive Sports Medicine”, it was finally confirmed that so-called ‘pre-participation evaluation’ is important in assessing the health status of all athletes with disabilities. However, in Poland, up until the end of the 20th century, people with various disabilities practicing sports were practically not interested in sports medicine. Analysis of available documentation and domestic literature suggests that the development of medical care in Polish Paralympic sport took place in four periods, ranging from rehabilitation to the implementation of mandatory preparticipation examination in the field of sports medicine. Moreover, the Paralympic Games in Atlanta (1996) proved to be an important event in this aspect. For the first time, the Polish representation was accompanied by a specialist in sports medicine and a massage therapist. Apart from this, a breakthrough in the development of medical care was the establishment of the Polish Paralympic Committee in 1998, which undertook many initiatives in this area. However, it was only in 2012, following the Regulation of the Minister of Health from 2011, that obligatory preparticipation examination in the field of sports medicine were enforced for all Polish athletes and representatives of the Paralympic team. But unfortunately, to this day, medical care is stock and limited to the years of paralympic games.

scholarly journals Classification of Post-Fire Responses of Woody Plants to include Pyrophobic Communities

Fire ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda D. Prior ◽  
David M. J. S. Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Seed Banks ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Woody Vegetation ◽  
General Category ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Soil Seed Banks ◽  
Obligate Seeder ◽  
In Fire

Developing standardised classification of post-fire responses is essential for globally consistent comparisons of woody vegetation communities. Existing classification systems are based on responses of species growing in fire-prone environments. To accommodate species that occur in rarely burnt environments, we have suggested some important points of clarification to earlier schemes categorizing post-fire responses. We have illustrated this approach using several Australasian conifer species as examples of pyrophobic species. In particular, we suggest using the term “obligate seeder” for the general category of plants that rely on seed to reproduce, and qualifying this to “post-fire obligate seeder” for the narrower category of species with populations that recover from canopy fire only by seeding; the species are typically fire-cued, with large aerial or soil seed banks that germinate profusely following a fire, and grow and reproduce rapidly in order to renew the seed bank before the next fire.

scholarly journals Interobserver agreement of the Paris and simplified classifications of superficial colonic lesions: a Western study

2021 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. E388-E394
Author(s):  
Francesco Cocomazzi ◽  
Marco Gentile ◽  
Francesco Perri ◽  
Antonio Merla ◽  
Fabrizio Bossa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interobserver Agreement ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Rater Agreement ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
Paris Classification ◽  
Level Of Agreement

Abstract Background and study aims The Paris classification of superficial colonic lesions has been widely adopted, but a simplified description that subgroups the shape into pedunculated, sessile/flat and depressed lesions has been proposed recently. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and inter-rater agreement among 13 Western endoscopists for the two classification systems. Methods Seventy video clips of superficial colonic lesions were classified according to the two classifications, and their size estimated. The interobserver agreement for each classification was assessed using both Cohen k and AC1 statistics. Accuracy was taken as the concordance between the standard morphology definition and that made by participants. Sensitivity analyses investigated agreement between trainees (T) and staff members (SM), simple or mixed lesions, distinct lesion phenotypes, and for laterally spreading tumors (LSTs). Results Overall, the interobserver agreement for the Paris classification was substantial (κ = 0.61; AC1 = 0.66), with 79.3 % accuracy. Between SM and T, the values were superimposable. For size estimation, the agreement was 0.48 by the κ-value, and 0.50 by AC1. For single or mixed lesions, κ-values were 0.60 and 0.43, respectively; corresponding AC1 values were 0.68 and 0.57. Evaluating the several different polyp subtypes separately, agreement differed significantly when analyzed by the k-statistics (0.08–0.12) or the AC1 statistics (0.59–0.71). Analyses of LSTs provided a κ-value of 0.50 and an AC1 score of 0.62, with 77.6 % accuracy. The simplified classification outperformed the Paris classification: κ = 0.68, AC1 = 0.82, accuracy = 91.6 %. Conclusions Agreement is often measured with Cohen’s κ, but we documented higher levels of agreement when analyzed with the AC1 statistic. The level of agreement was substantial for the Paris classification, and almost perfect for the simplified system.

scholarly journals Reliability of the classification of cartilage and labral injuries during hip arthroscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-457
Author(s):  
Stephanie W Mayer ◽  
Tobias R Fauser ◽  
Robert G Marx ◽  
Anil S Ranawat ◽  
Bryan T Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Transition Zone ◽  
Central Compartment ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Cartilage Injury ◽  
Intraobserver Agreement ◽  
Acetabular Cartilage ◽  
Femoral Head Cartilage ◽  
Labral Tears

Abstract To determine interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities of the combination of classification systems, including the Beck and acetabular labral articular disruption (ALAD) systems for transition zone cartilage, the Outerbridge system for acetabular and femoral head cartilage, and the Beck system for labral tears. Additionally, we sought to determine interobserver and intraobserver agreements in the location of injury to labrum and cartilage. Three fellowship trained surgeons reviewed 30 standardized videos of the central compartment with one surgeon re-evaluating the videos. Labral pathology, transition zone cartilage and acetabular cartilage were classified using the Beck, Beck and ALAD systems, and Outerbridge system, respectively. The location of labral tears and transition zone cartilage injury was assessed using a clock face system, and acetabular cartilage injury using a five-zone system. Intra- and interobserver reliabilities are reported as Gwet’s agreement coefficients. Interobserver and intraobserver agreement on the location of acetabular cartilage lesions was highest in superior and anterior zones (0.814–0.914). Outerbridge interobserver and intraobserver agreement was >0.90 in most zones of the acetabular cartilage. Interobserver and intraobserver agreement on location of transition zone lesions was 0.844–0.944. The Beck and ALAD classifications showed similar interobserver and intraobserver agreement for transition zone cartilage injury. The Beck classification of labral tears was 0.745 and 0.562 for interobserver and intraobserver agreements, respectively. The Outerbridge classification had almost perfect interobserver and intraobserver agreement in classifying chondral injury of the true acetabular cartilage and femoral head. The Beck and ALAD classifications both showed moderate to substantial interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities for transition zone cartilage injury. The Beck system for classification of labral tears showed substantial agreement among observers and moderate intraobserver agreement. Interobserver agreement on location of labral tears was highest in the region where most tears occur and became lower at the anterior and posterior extents of this region. The available classification systems can be used for documentation regarding intra-articular pathology. However, continued development of a concise and highly reproducible classification system would improve communication.

The Rio 2016 Paralympic Games: The Visibility of People With Disabilities in Brazil as a Possible Legacy

2020 ◽  
pp. 216747952094273
Author(s):  
Doralice Lange de Souza ◽  
Ian Brittain
Keyword(s):  
Medical Model ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Disability Rights ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
The Media ◽  
Paralympic Sport ◽  
Medical Model Of Disability ◽  
Managerial Positions ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Paralympic Games

There are claims that the Paralympic Games (PG) might contribute to a better world for people with disabilities (PWD). However, there are also claims that the PG might in fact be counterproductive to the PWD’s rights movement because they might promote the medical model of disability and/or ableism. In this context, we developed a qualitative exploratory study to investigate the legacies of the Rio 2016 PG from the perspective of disability rights activists and people involved in Paralympic sport managerial positions. In this article, we discuss one of the main perceived legacies that the PG fostered PWD’s visibility and a change in society’s perception of PWD. We conducted 24 open in-depth interviews and found that, for our participants, the PG worked as a showcase for PWD who were rarely seen in the media and in public spaces before the Games. This visibility helped to challenge negative stereotypes and stigmas associated with PWD, as well as possibly opening new doors for them. Our interviewees believe that we shouldn’t expect that the PG alone can change people’s perceptions and PWD’s status overnight. They are part of a larger and complex set of actions that are slowly contributing to this process.

Prospects for the classification of mental disorders of children and adolescents

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 481-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.H. Schmidt ◽  
J. Sinzig
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
General Question ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Specific Symptom ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Dimensional Classification ◽  
Dsm V

AbstractSuggestions for classification of mental disorders of children and adolescents in DSM-V and ICD-11 have been made, which differ strongly from the current descriptive approach of dimensional classification.These suggestions even comprise a dichotomized system for health care as well as for scientific purposes.Nevertheless it is obvious that we are far behind an “etiological” classification, so that trade-offs have necessarily to be made in DSM-V and ICD-11.Appropriate proposals concern the strict separation of disorders that are typical for children and adolescents as well as for adults.Furthermore a differentiation of diagnosis for infants, toddlers and preschool children is required in both classification systems. As far as it is relevant for treatment, combined diagnosis in DSM-V and subthreshold diagnosis as well as coding-possibilities for findings in molecular biology should be permitted.As personality disorders should only be diagnosed after the age of 16, it is recommended to dimensionally classify personality traits that are pathognomonic for specific symptom patterns and of prognostic relevance.DSM-V and ICD-11 should allow age-specific information on axis-IV. The article discusses the general question of how relational disorders respectively disturbances should be classified and include furthermore special recommendations concerning ICD and DSM categories.

The Application of Scientific Management Principles to International Administration

1948 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 915-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald C. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
International Collaboration ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
Efficient Organization ◽  
Administrative Work ◽  
Organization And Management

When we consider the problem of governments collaborating through international organizations, we tend to think only in terms of foreign policy and of issues involving conflict among countries. This is, of course, natural since these are the questions uppermost in the news. But there is another side to international collaboration. If international organizations are to be successful in dealing with world problems, the policy organs through which negotiations are conducted and the secretariats which handle the administrative work must be properly organized and administered. Successful international administration depends upon efficient organization and management, much like any governmental or private endeavor depends upon them.

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR ADOLESCENT AND ADULT SCOLIOSIS

Neurosurgery ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 63 (suppl_3) ◽  
pp. A16-A24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin S. Smith ◽  
Christopher I. Shaffrey ◽  
Charles Kuntz ◽  
Praveen V. Mummaneni
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Research Society ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Adult Scoliosis ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Classification Schemes ◽  
Scoliosis Research Society ◽  
Adult Degenerative Scoliosis ◽  
Spinal Abnormality

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To review current classification systems for adolescent and adult scoliosis. METHODS The literature was reviewed in reference to scoliosis classification systems for adolescent and adult scoliosis. RESULTS There are multiple classification systems for scoliosis. Classification of scoliosis is dependent on patient age, spinal abnormality, scoliotic curve, and global spinal alignment. To date, classification systems have focused predominantly on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis or adult/degenerative scoliosis; a single classification system evaluating scoliotic deformities of different ages and spinal abnormalities has not been identified. CONCLUSION The importance of scoliosis classification schemes lies in their ability to standardize communication among health care providers. With regard to the classification of adolescent scoliosis, the Lenke system has addressed many of the significant limitations of the King system and is now the standard classification scheme. Classification schemes for adult scoliosis have been reported only recently, and each offers specific advantages (the simple pathogenesis-based system of Aebi, the strong clinical relevance of the Schwab system, and the richly descriptive Scoliosis Research Society system). This article highlights the salient features of currently used scoliosis classification systems.

Critical Look at the Classification of Maxillary Sinus Carcinomata

1978 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. N. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Maxillary Sinus ◽  
Clinical Experience ◽  
Primary Tumor ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Compromise Solution

All the classification systems at present adopted for use in carcinoma of the maxillary sinus suffer from both intrinsic inaccuracies and an apparent failure to relate T (extent of primary tumor) categories to clinical experience of the spread of these tumors. Three systems are critically analyzed in relation to personal experience of 86 patients with sinus carcinoma and a fourth system proposed as a compromise solution to this problem.

Lung Tumors With Neuroendocrine Morphology: Essential Radiologic and Pathologic Features

2008 ◽  
Vol 132 (7) ◽  
pp. 1055-1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teri J. Franks ◽  
Jeffrey R. Galvin
Keyword(s):  
Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
World Health ◽  
National Library ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Distinct Subset ◽  
Pathologic Features ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Context.—Tumors with neuroendocrine morphology are a distinct subset of lung neoplasms sharing characteristic histologic, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and molecular features. Objective.—To review the current histologic classification and the diagnostic criteria for the major categories of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. Data Sources.—Published classification systems from the World Health Organization and pertinent peer-reviewed articles indexed in PubMed (National Library of Medicine) form the basis of this review. Conclusions.—Accurate classification of the neuroendocrine tumors of the lung requires knowledge of specific criteria separating the major categories, which is essential for determining prognosis and treatment.

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