“Invisible Sportswomen”: The Sex Data Gap in Sport and Exercise Science Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Emma S. Cowley ◽  
Alyssa A. Olenick ◽  
Kelly L. McNulty ◽  
Emma Z. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Exercise Science ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Data Gap ◽  
Sport And Exercise

This study aimed to conduct an updated exploration of the ratio of male and female participants in sport and exercise science research. Publications involving humans were examined from The European Journal of Sports Science, Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise, The Journal of Sport Science & Medicine, The Journal of Physiology, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, and The British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2014–2020. The total number of participants, the number of male and female participants, the title, and the topic, were recorded for each publication. Data were expressed in frequencies and percentages. Chi-square analyses were used to assess the differences in frequencies in each of the journals. About 5,261 publications and 12,511,386 participants were included in the analyses. Sixty-three percentage of publications included both males and females, 31% included males only, and 6% included females only (p < .0001). When analyzing participants included in all journals, a total of 8,253,236 (66%) were male and 4,254,445 (34%) were female (p < .0001). Females remain significantly underrepresented within sport and exercise science research. Therefore, at present most conclusions made from sport and exercise science research might only be applicable to one sex. As such, researchers and practitioners should be aware of the ongoing sex data gap within the current literature, and future research should address this.

scholarly journals ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN STEM AND ARTS SUBJECTS IN BHUTAN: A GENDER PERSPECTIVE

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-200
Author(s):  
Tashi Dendup ◽  
Sangay Wangmo ◽  
Ugyen Yangchen
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Multistage Sampling

Academic performance disparities among the gender of students are the cause of concern. Numerous explanations for academic performance disparities, especially in Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) and Arts subjects between male and female students, are established in many countries. However, similar studies in Bhutan, especially at the tertiary education level, are scant. Therefore, this study mainly assessed i) students’ perception of STEM and Arts subjects, ii) compared male and female academic performance in STEM and Arts subjects, and iii) studied students' perception of the factors affecting their academic performance. Data were collected from 265 students of four constituent colleges (two Science and Arts colleges each) of the Royal University of Bhutan using semi-structured questionnaires. A multistage sampling (comprising a mixture of purposive and random) was employed. The research used a quantitative approach with descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square, t-tests, and binary logistic regressions). The result showed no significant association between students’ gender and their choice of subjects. At Science colleges, female students outperformed male students. In contrast, there were no significant differences in the performance of male and female students at Arts Colleges. Overall, females (71.63 ± 6.35) outperform male (69.57 ± 7.80) students. Hence, there are no stereotypes in STEM and Arts subjects among Bhutanese undergraduate students. However, future research could include parents and lecturers to gather their perspectives on STEM and Arts subjects. Variables, including study hours, communication skills, and Bhutanese Educational Policies, should also be thoroughly investigated as factors affecting students' academic performance

scholarly journals Moving Sport and Exercise Science Forward: A Call for the Adoption of More Transparent Research Practices

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron R Caldwell ◽  
Andrew David Vigotsky ◽  
Greg Nuckols ◽  
Ian Boardley ◽  
Julia Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Exercise Science ◽  
Research Practices ◽  
Questionable Research Practices ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Sport And Exercise ◽  
Stage 1

The primary means for disseminating sport and exercise science research is currently through journal articles. However, not all studies, especially those with null findings, make it to formal publication. This publication bias towards positive findings may contribute to questionable research practices. Preregistration is a solution to prevent the publication of distorted evidence resulting from this system. This process asks authors to register their hypotheses and methods before data collection on a publicly available repository or by submitting a Registered Report. In the Registered Reports format, authors submit a Stage 1 manuscript to a participating journal that includes an introduction, methods, and any pilot data indicating the exploratory or confirmatory nature of the study. After a Stage 1 peer review, the manuscript can then be offered in-principle acceptance, rejected, or sent back for revisions to improve the quality of the study. If accepted, the project is guaranteed publication, assuming the authors follow the data collection and analysis protocol. After data collection, authors re-submit a Stage 2 manuscript that includes the results and discussion, and the study is evaluated on clarity and conformity with the planned analysis. In its final form, Registered Reports appear almost identical to a typical publication, but give readers confidence that the hypotheses and main analyses are less susceptible to bias from questionable research practices. From this perspective, we argue that inclusion of Registered Reports by researchers and journals will improve the transparency, replicability, and trust in sport and exercise science research.

Gender and Organizational Citizenship Behavior

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy D. Allen ◽  
Seulki "Rachel" Jang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gender Egalitarianism ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Males And Females

The current chapter reviews theory and findings with regard to relationships between gender and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Based on self-report OCB studies, female employees tend to report that they perform more communal OCB (e.g., altruism) than do male employees, whereas male employees tend to report that they perform more agentic OCB (e.g., sportsmanship) than do female employees. However, supervisors do not appear to rate male and female employees differently on OCB performance. Our review also suggests that even with the same amount of OCB performance, female employees tend to be disadvantaged with regard to career-related outcomes (e.g., promotion) relative to male employees. For future research, we encourage researchers to distinguish between actual and perceived OCB performance and examine associated gender differences. Measurement invariance of OCB across gender, different career success outcomes between males and females, and the effects of gender egalitarianism in cultures also need further investigation.

Substance Use in Dance Sport

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damir Sekulic ◽  
Radmila Kostic ◽  
Durdica Miletic
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Anonymous Questionnaire ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Male Dancers

Very few studies have been conducted on substance use (SU) in performing sports. In the current study, we analyzed SU and factors related to SU in dance sport. The sample subjects consisted of 21 female and 22 male dancers, all >19 years of age, who were given an anonymous questionnaire developed for this study. The questionnaire consisted of questions about 1) social, cultural, educational, and sport-related factors, and 2) SU, including alcohol, opiates, cigarettes, and doping consumption, and personal opinions. The chi-square test was used to define the differences between male and female dancers. To identify the relationships between the studied factors and SU, the Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated separately in males and females. We found a relatively low incidence of cigarette smoking (<10%) and significant differences between males and females in opinions regarding doping issues. The level of the sport achievement in females and religiousness in male dancers was significantly related to SU. Although not frequent, the consumption of alcohol was more common in more successful and experienced dancers. The use of pain killers was related to age in female dancers (all at p < 0.05). Based on these results, we recommend educational programs regarding SU, especially about doping problems, in sport dance.

Gender, Race, and Depressive/Mood Disorders: An Analyses of State-Federal Rehabilitation Outcomes

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Schaller ◽  
Nancy K. Yang
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
African American Males ◽  
Depressive Mood ◽  
African American Females ◽  
Rehabilitation Service ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Case Closure

Differences in rates of case closure, case service cost, hours worked, and earnings per week for White and African American males and females, aged 18 to 60 years with depressive/mood disorders were examined using the Rehabilitation Service Administration data base of 2004. Using Chi-square analyses, White females had statistically significantly higher successful case closure rates than did African American males and females. Using analyses of variance and post-hoc Scheffe tests, White and African American males had statistically significantly higher mean earnings per week than did White and African American females. African American females had statistically significantly lower mean case service costs than did White males and females. Implications for rehabilitation professionals and for future research on outcomes with consumers with depressive/mood disorders are provided.

scholarly journals Power, precision, and sample size estimation in sport and exercise science research

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (17) ◽  
pp. 1933-1935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Abt ◽  
Colin Boreham ◽  
Gareth Davison ◽  
Robin Jackson ◽  
Alan Nevill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Sample Size Estimation ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Exercise Science ◽  
Sport And Exercise
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