scholarly journals Manta rays feed using ricochet separation, a novel nonclogging filtration mechanism

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. eaat9533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj V. Divi ◽  
James A. Strother ◽  
E. W. Misty Paig-Tran
Keyword(s):  
Cross Flow ◽  
Separation Mechanism ◽  
Feeding Apparatus ◽  
Filter Feeding ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Fluid Separation

Solid-liquid filtration is a ubiquitous process found in industrial and biological systems. Although implementations vary widely, almost all filtration systems are based on a small set of fundamental separation mechanisms, including sieve, cross-flow, hydrosol, and cyclonic separation. Anatomical studies showed that manta rays have a highly specialized filter-feeding apparatus that does not resemble previously described filtration systems. We examined the fluid flow around the manta filter-feeding apparatus using a combination of physical modeling and computational fluid dynamics. Our results indicate that manta rays use a unique solid-fluid separation mechanism in which direct interception of particles with wing-like structures causes particles to “ricochet” away from the filter pores. This filtration mechanism separates particles smaller than the pore size, allows high flow rates, and resists clogging.

Numerical Investigation of Local Cooling Enhancement Using Pin-Finned Channel With Incremental Impingement

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susheel Singh ◽  
Sumanta Acharya ◽  
Forrest Ames
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Surface Cooling ◽  
Local Cooling ◽  
Stagnation Region ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Pin Fins ◽  
Mass Flow Rates ◽  
The Impact

Flow and heat transfer in a low aspect ratio pin-finned channel, representative of an internally cooled turbine airfoil, is investigated using Large Eddy Simulations (LES). To achieve greater control of surface cooling distribution, a novel approach has been recently proposed in which coolant is injected incrementally through a series of holes located immediately behind a specially designed cutout region downstream of the pin-fins. Sheltering the coolant injection behind the pin-fins avoids the impact of the cross-flow buildup that deflects the impingement jet and isolates the surface from cooling. The longitudinal and transverse spacing of the pin-fins, arranged in a staggered fashion, is X/D = 1.046 and S/D = 1.625, respectively. The aspect ratio (H/D) of pin-fin channel is 0.5. Due to the presence of the sequential jets in the configuration, the local cooling rates can be controlled by controlling the jet-hole diameter which impacts the jet mass flow rate. Hence, four different hole diameters, denoted as Large (L), Medium (M) , Small (S), Petite (P) are tested for impingement holes, and their effects are studied. Several patterns of the hole-size distributions are studied. It is shown that the peak Nusselt number in the stagnation region below the jet correlates directly with the jet-velocity, while downstream the Nusselt numbers correlate with the total mass flow rates or the average channel velocity. The local cooling parameter defined as (Nu/Nu0)(1-ε) correlates with the jet/channel mass flow rates.

scholarly journals Optimization of Centrifugal Slurry Pump Through the Splitter Blades Position

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Abdolahnejad ◽  
Mahdi Moghimi ◽  
Shahram Derakhshan
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Number ◽  
Centrifugal Pumps ◽  
Slurry Flow ◽  
Suction Surface ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Slip Factor ◽  
Pump Head ◽  
Solid Liquid

Abstract Optimal transfer of two-phase solid-liquid flow (slurry flow) has long been a major industrial challenge. Slurry pumps are among the most common types of centrifugal pumps used to deal with this transfer issue. The approach of improving slurry pumps and consequently increasing the efficiency of a flow transmission system requires overcoming the effects of slurry flow such as the reduction in head, efficiency, and wear. This study attempts to investigate the changes in the pump head by modifying the slip factor distribution in the impeller channel. For this purpose, the effect of splitter blades on slip factor distribution to improve the pump head was investigated using numerical simulation tools and validated based on experimental test data. Next, an optimization process was used to determine the characteristics of the splitter (i.e., length, number, and environmental position of the splitter) based on a combination of experimental design methods, surface response, and genetic algorithm. The optimization results indicate that the splitters were in a relative circumferential position of 67.2% to the suction surface of the main blade. Also, the optimal number and length of splitter blades were 6 and 62.8% of the length of the main blades, respectively. Because of adding splitter blades and the reduction in the flow passage, the best efficiency point (BEP) of the slurry pump moved toward lower flow rates. The result of splitter optimization was the increase in pump head from 29.7 m to 31.7 m and the upkeep of efficiency in the initial values.

scholarly journals The Gender Gap in Secondary School Mathematics at High Achievement Levels: Evidence from the American Mathematics Competitions

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Ellison ◽  
Ashley Swanson
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
High Achievement ◽  
School Students ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Achievement Levels

This paper uses a new data source, American Mathematics Competitions, to examine the gender gap among high school students at very high achievement levels. The data bring out several new facts. There is a large gender gap that widens dramatically at percentiles above those that can be examined using standard data sources. An analysis of unobserved heterogeneity indicates that there is only moderate variation in the gender gap across schools. The highest achieving girls in the U.S. are concentrated in a very small set of elite schools, suggesting that almost all girls with the ability to reach high math achievement levels are not doing so.

Nanoplastic transport in aqueous environments: The role of chemo-electric properties and hydrodynamic forces for nanoplastic-mineral interaction.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Müller ◽  
Jacek Fiutowski ◽  
Horst-Günter Rubahn ◽  
Nicole Rita Posth
Keyword(s):  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Transport Studies ◽  
Subsurface Environments ◽  
Dissolved Species ◽  
Aqueous Environments ◽  
Interaction Scheme ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Mineral Interaction

The fate and transport characteristics of nanoplastic (NP) through different environmental systems is largely governed by physio-chemical processes and their specific interaction with environmental constituents (i.e., minerals, dissolved species, suspended particles). A hydrodynamic component present in almost all terrestrial and marine aqueous environments impact the physio-chemical processes micron-scale is largely overlooked in NP transport studies. Therefore, we tested the interaction behavior of nanosized plastic polystyrene particles of various coatings in the presence of minerals abundant in the Earth crust within a hydrodynamic continuum representing flow rates from groundwater to surface water systems. Our batch experiments show that particle-mineral adsorption is largely driven by the magnitude of opposite charge configurations, which is either produced by mineral type or specific nanoplastic surface coating. Zetapotential serves as a good predictor of adsorption between uncoated and carboxyl-coated polystyrene with minerals. It fails, however, to predict adsorption behavior between NH2 coated polystyrene and apatite or feldspars, due to the more complex and varying compositions of these minerals. Incorporating the hydrodynamic force component into the particle- mineral interaction scheme reproduces those adsorption trends at slow flowrates of 1e-04 m/d. However, increasing flow rates by a factor of 100 modifies charge-driven adsorption between minerals and plastics. This study highlights the unabating importance of hydrodynamic conditions when predicting nanoplastic transport in different subsurface environments, and has implications for nanoplastic behavior in both terrestrial and marine aqueous environments.

The composition and spatial distribution of scavenging hyperbenthos in the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Morton ◽  
Christine N.W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Spatial Segregation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Control

Baited traps with a 5 mm diameter opening were deployed 9 cm off the seabed in the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong. In contrast to analogous studies from boreal waters, lysianassoids accounted for 0.5% of the total number of trapped hyperbenthos. Species of Tisbe (Copepoda: Tisbidae), Ceradocus (Gammaridea: Melitidae), Nebalia (Leptostraca: Nebaliacea), unidentified benthic ostracods, Neanthes cricognatha (Polychaeta: Nereidae) and a species of Lepidepecreum (Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea) were caught in a decreasing order of numerical importance. A spatial segregation of trapped fauna was identified between the reserve's shallow Lobster Bay (<–2 m Chart Datum (CD)) and deeper-waters (between –6 and–17 m CD) outside it. Ceradocus sp. monopolized the trapped fauna in the former area, while the other species were caught almost exclusively from the latter. Insignificant Ceradocus sp. catch differences between baited and control traps suggested that they functioned only as ‘habitat traps’ for this species. Almost all other organisms attracted to the bait were hyperbenthic scavengers. Their absence from the shallows might be due to the coarser and lower organic contents of the sediments, also related to faster flow rates here. Finally, we confirm that in subtropical Hong Kong, lysianassid amphipods are not as significant hyperbenthic scavengers as they are in boreal waters.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF PRODUCTION AND QUALIFICATION OF PHOSPHORIC ACID

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Nicolay N. Smirnov ◽  
Daria N. Smirnova ◽  
Aleksandr P. Ilyin ◽  
Sergey P. Kochetkov
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Wet Process ◽  
Thermophysical Model ◽  
Fluorine Compounds ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Decomposition ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Solid Liquid

The qualification of phosphoric acid is carried out depending on the use of phosphates of various deposits and the necessary quality of the final products. An acquisition of phosphoric acid of the required quality should be carried out taking into account three aspects: resource-energy, ecology and complex processing. Solving the problems of one aspect entails solving the problems of the other aspects. The rational use of natural resources and the reduction of environmental pollution is the determining factor in the choice of technological regimes for complex processing of raw materials with a reduction in the volume of waste of all kinds or transferring them into forms easily recyclable or specially stored. The absence of economically sound technologies for processing phosphogypsum determines its preferential warehousing. The second component that requires recycling is fluorine. In this regard, the purification of phosphoric acid from fluorine should use technologies that realize the trapping of fluorine compounds released into the gas phase. This is relevant from the point of view of the complexity of processing raw materials with the extraction of rare-earth elements. The use of mechanochemical activation makes it possible to achieve a nanoscale level. To a lesser extent, this aspect relates to the stage of sulfuric acid decomposition, proceeding with the participation of three phases: solid, liquid and gas. In turn, the surface structure of the gas-liquid layer plays the role of an energy barrier for evaporation. To establish the basic energy patterns of concentration and defluorination n the disc apparatus and to optimize the process, a thermophysical model was developed in which the range of effective parameters was determined by the joint solution of a number of equations for the desired ingredients in the phosphoric acid concentration range of 52-65%. The solution of the problem of complex purification of wet-process phosphoric acid can be carried out by adsorption methods that allow to remove to some extent almost all impurities.For citation:Smirnov N.N., Smirnova D.N., Ilyin A.P., Kochetkov S.P. Problems and prospects of production and qualification of phosphoric acid. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 7. P. 48-56.

Heat Transfer to Two-Phase: Air, Viscoelastic Fluid Flows Over a Hot Cylinder

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Viscoelastic Fluid ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Fluid Flows ◽  
Horizontal Cylinder ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Heated Cylinder ◽  
Aqueous Polymer

Over a range of 70 &lt; Rea &lt; 9600, 7 &lt; Pra &lt; 130, 0 &lt; ∃ &lt; 0.12 and 0.7 &lt; n &lt; 1, circumferential wall temperatures for air-water and air-aqueous polymer (viscoelastic) solution flows over a horizontal cylinder were measured experimentally. The 2.5-cm-diameter and 7.5-cm-length cylinder was heated by passing direct electric current through it. The peripherally averaged heat transfer coefficient for relatively dilute viscoelastic-air solutions, at any fixed flow rate of liquid phase, increases with ∃. Such increase is more pronounced at lower flow rates of liquid phase. For relatively more elastic solutions, the two-phase heat transfer decreases with increasing ∃. Such reduction is more pronounced at higher flow rates of liquid phase. A new correlation is proposed for predicting the Nusselt number for air-viscoelastic fluid flows over a heated cylinder in cross flow.

Prediction of the Damaging Flow-Induced Vibrations in Tubular Heat Exchangers With Triangular Arrays

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yehia A. Khulief ◽  
Salem A. Bashmal ◽  
Sayed A. Said ◽  
Dhawi A. Al-Otaibi ◽  
Khalid M. Mansour
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Test Section ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Tube Arrays ◽  
Flow Induced Vibrations ◽  
The Mathematical Model

The prediction of flow rates at which the vibration-induced instability takes place in tubular heat exchangers due to cross-flow is of major importance to the performance and service life of such equipment. In this paper, the semi-analytical model developed in [1] for square tube arrays was extended and utilized to study the triangular tube patterns. A laboratory test rig with instrumented test section is used to measure the fluidelastic coefficients to be used for tuning the mathematical model. The test section can be made of any bundle pattern. In this study, two test sections were constructed for both the normal triangular and the rotated triangular tube arrays. The developed scheme is utilized in predicting the onset of flow-induced instability in the two triangular tube arrays. The results are compared to those obtained for two other bundle configurations; namely the square and rotated square arrays reported in [1]. The results of the four different tube patterns are viewed in the light of TEMA predictions. The comparison demonstrated that TEMA guidelines are more conservative in all configurations considered.

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