The United States’ contribution of plastic waste to land and ocean

Plastic waste affects environmental quality and ecosystem health. In 2010, an estimated 5 to 13 million metric tons (Mt) of plastic waste entered the ocean from both developing countries with insufficient solid waste infrastructure and high-income countries with very high waste generation. We demonstrate that, in 2016, the United States generated the largest amount of plastic waste of any country in the world (42.0 Mt). Between 0.14 and 0.41 Mt of this waste was illegally dumped in the United States, and 0.15 to 0.99 Mt was inadequately managed in countries that imported materials collected in the United States for recycling. Accounting for these contributions, the amount of plastic waste generated in the United States estimated to enter the coastal environment in 2016 was up to five times larger than that estimated for 2010, rendering the United States’ contribution among the highest in the world.

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Manœuvres to Ensure the Avoidance of Collision

Journal of Navigation ◽

10.1017/s0373463300019020 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 400-410

Author(s):

E. S. Calvert

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New York ◽

Great Majority ◽

The United States ◽

Typical Case ◽

Field Of View ◽

Housing Estate ◽

The Public ◽

The World ◽

Very High

This paper was first published in 1960 (Vol. 13, p. 127). It is followed by comments from John Kemp. The paper has been abridged, including the omission of section 5 which described a proposal for a new radar display.When the problem of collision in the air is discussed, it is usual to start by pointing out the enormous closing speed of two modern aircraft meeting head-on, and to conclude from this that avoidance on the ‘see and be seen’ principle has ceased to be possible. The fact is, however, that the great majority of mid-air collisions (about 85 percent) occur within five miles of an airport and the typical case is not the head-on one, but the case in which the two aircraft crab into one another from a direction which may be anywhere around the whole enclosing sphere. Since the field of view of the aircrew covers only about 20 percent of the enclosing sphere, the aircrew of colliding aircraft seldom see each other. It would seem, therefore, that the ‘see and be seen’ principle never did afford much protection, even when speeds were low. In other words, the fact that the number of mid-air collisions in Europe has hitherto been small is not primarily due to seeing and evading, although this sometimes happens, but to the fact that the airspace is very large compared to the volume of all the aircraft in it at any given time. However, as traffic densities go up, the risk rapidly increases, and in congested airspace, such as that around New York, the problem of avoiding collision has already become acute. In the period 1948–57, there were 159 mid-air collisions in the United States, and many of these made headlines in the world press. One can imagine the public outcry if two large transports were to collide over a housing estate; but unless something effective is done, something like this will presumably happen eventually. At very high altitudes the ‘see and be seen’ principle certainly fails, by day, because the speed will be high, and in addition, the range at which a pilot can see an object the size of an aircraft may be less than 1½ miles due to what is sometimes called ‘high-altitude myopia’.

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Estudo cooperativo: uma interessante prática para o sucesso acadêmico

Ciência e Natura ◽

10.5902/2179460x31584 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 27

Author(s):

João Inácio Moreira Bezerra ◽

Rejane Pergher

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Collaborative Learning ◽

United States Of America ◽

The United States ◽

Failure Rates ◽

Integral Calculus ◽

Psychological Performance ◽

The World ◽

The Way

High failure rates in the Differential and Integral Calculus courses and the subsequent dropout caused by them are a reason for concern in many universities around the world, both in developing countries such as Brazil and developed ones such as the United States of America. So, it is not surprising that there is lots of interest in researching about this context, and possible ways of action. This is the focus of this article, to study about the origins of this situation, analyzing the causes of the students’ difficulties and presenting Collaborative Learning as an effective way to change this situation. The article is based on data from several universities that have shown interest in this method. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of this practice, both in academic and psychological performance of the students, thus showing the need for a greater incentive of this technique, as well as an intense study of the way it should be done.

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Creating Market Inclusion

Evolving Entrepreneurial Strategies for Self-Sustainability in Vulnerable American Communities - Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-2860-9.ch015 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 288-304

Author(s):

Jose Godinez

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Financial Development ◽

Vulnerable Populations ◽

Social Entrepreneurship ◽

Banking Industry ◽

The United States ◽

Institutional Voids ◽

Social Entrepreneurs ◽

The World

Understanding how social entrepreneurship as a tool of financial development has been in the center of the entrepreneurship and management disciplines for the last couple of decades. These studies have furthered our understanding of how social entrepreneurship helps the most vulnerable populations around the world. However, much of the literature on this subject has been devoted to analyze how social entrepreneurship aids such populations in developing locations. While this chapter does not try to diminish the admirable work carried by social entrepreneurs in developing countries, it points out that an analysis of this discipline in a developed location is overdue. To initiate a conversation, this chapter analyzes how institutional voids can arise in a developed location and the role that social entrepreneurship has in closing such gaps and to include vulnerable populations in the formal banking industry in the United States.

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Explaining the Rise of Globalization

Free Traders ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190635459.003.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-31

Author(s):

Malcolm Fairbrother

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Developing Countries ◽

North America ◽

Financial Institutions ◽

Developed Countries ◽

The United States ◽

International Financial Institutions ◽

Late 20Th Century ◽

Electoral Incentives ◽

The World

This chapter summarizes the main themes of this book, and the theory it proposes of why the governments of so many nations around the world decided to globalize their economies in the late 20th century. The book asks whether the foundations of globalization were democratic, in the sense that politicians’ decisions derived from public opinion and electoral incentives, and also whether globalization as based on mainstream economic ideas. As shown by the cases of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, and the ways they established free trade in North America, the book shows that globalization has been more of an elite than a democratic project, and one based on folk economics rather than expert ideas. Business has been the motor force in developed countries; in developing countries, states have acted more autonomously from domestic business, but they have been more subject to pressure from international financial institutions.

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Conclusion

Principled Labor Law ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190052669.003.0007 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 157-164

Author(s):

Gamonal C. Sergio ◽

César F. Rosado Marzán

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Latin America ◽

Labor Law ◽

The United States ◽

Freedom Of Association ◽

The World ◽

Developed World ◽

The U.S ◽

Better Than

This chapter, the book’s conclusion, summarizes the book’s main points and generally describes how the U.S. case illuminates the utility of Latin America and principled labor law for the rest of the world. It argues that, despite globalization, neoliberalism, labor law crises, and whatnot, many countries have deep traditions, legal and otherwise, that support protecting the weak and, as such, the protective principle and its correlative principles, primacy of reality, nonwaiver, and continuity. If the United States, one of the least labor-protective jurisdictions in the developed world, has the potential of having a labor-protective jurisprudence, other countries might do even better than the United States if they ascribe to principled labor law. In fact, the chapter briefly shows how the United Kingdom’s courts acknowledge primacy of reality (fact) and the protective principle in recent cases dealing with “gig” work. The conclusion also acknowledges that the book has been partial to state-enforced labor law, discussing little the importance of freedom of association. However, it asserts that freedom of association remains a necessary aspect for workers’ rights. As such, the book has provided a necessary but still incomplete toolbox for robust labor law. It concludes by underscoring the need for labor-protective jurisprudence in developed and developing countries alike, and the relevance of Latin America for at least part of that task.

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Letters to the Editors

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.69.4.503b ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 503-504

Author(s):

Stuart H. Walker

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Developing Countries ◽

World Health Organization ◽

The United States ◽

World Health ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

My letter1 called attention to the frequency with which in the United States hypernatremia has been associated with the unsupervised administration of solutions containing sodium in amounts as low as 20 to 50 mmoles/liter.2,3 It has not been demonstrated that solutions similar to that recommended by the World Health Organization (80 to 90 mmoles of sodium per liter), designed for supervised use in the management of the infantile diarrheas of developing countries, are safe in unsupervised use in the United States.

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MNCs: The Sixth Superpower

Worldview ◽

10.1017/s008425590001857x ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 17-24

Author(s):

Koji Taira ◽

Guy Standing

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Eastern Europe ◽

Multinational Corporation ◽

The United States ◽

World Today ◽

The World ◽

Gross World Product

The multinational corporation is an obviously important enterprise in the world today. But how important, and in what ways? The gross world product is estimated to be about $3 trillion, the United States accounting for one-third of it. Europe, Japan and Australia produce another third, and the remaining third is produced in the USSR, Eastern Europe, China and developing countries elsewhere in the world. About 15 per cent, or $450 billion, is accounted for by the multinational corporation (MNC), whose output has been increasing at 10 per cent per annum.

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The Growth of the Engineering Profession: Statistics and Conjecture

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers ◽

10.1243/pime_proc_1972_186_028_02 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 186 (1) ◽

pp. 269-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. J. Kastner

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Developed Countries ◽

The United States ◽

Western World ◽

Engineering Profession ◽

The World ◽

The Future ◽

The Developed Countries ◽

Manpower Needs

The Engineering Profession in the developed countries has greatly increased in numerical strength in recent years but the future pattern is not clear and forecasts of manpower needs in industry are unreliable. Nevertheless, statistics indicate that the United States has, relative to the industrial population as a whole, a clear advantage in technological manpower in the Western World though Russia may, perhaps, be even stronger. The difficulty of evaluating the evidence is stressed. In the world as a whole international co-operation tends to reduce the inequalities of distribution but an enormous task lies before the developing countries which need to produce and retain many more engineers.

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The vaccination against COVID-19 in Morocco: a success story in progress

10.22514/sv.2021.080 ◽

2021 ◽

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

South Africa ◽

Developing Countries ◽

United Arab Emirates ◽

The United States ◽

Success Story ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

First Case ◽

The World ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Coronavirus disease 2019 is a respiratory sickness that may spread between persons. It is caused by a novel coronavirus that produces an outbreak in Wuhan, China and spread all over the world to become a pandemic. From the appearance of the first case of the new coronavirus in Morocco, Moroccan authorities has spared no effort to promote the health of Moroccans, ahead of that of the country’s economy. On 22 January 2021, 2 million doses, of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine were delivered to Morocco, with a view to vaccinating 1 million Moroccans in a first phase. On 28 January, the campaign started and the King of Morocco was the 1st Moroccan to be vaccinated against the coronavirus. On 27 February 2021, Morocco has received 1 million doses from the Chinese laboratory Sinopharm and 6 million doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine allowing Morocco to vaccinate several audiences and the general public over the age of 60, and the most vulnerable. Thereafter, the COVID-19 vaccine doses administered per 100 people in 31 March 2021 were 115.89 in Israel, 84.01 in the United Arab Emirates, 52.53 in the United Kingdom, 44.93 in the United States, 45.04 in Bahrain, 21.66 in Morocco, 16.44 in Germany, 8.32 in China, 4.72 in India, and 0.44 in South Africa. Also, the population fully vaccinated against COVID-19 in 01 April 2021 were 55.51% in Israel, 22.12% in the United Arab Emirates, 20.08% in Chile, 16.77% in USA, 15.25% in Serbia, 15.14%in Bahrain, 10.21% in Morocco, 8.94% in Hungary, 8.23% in Turkey, 7.29% in UK, 3.07% in Russia, 2.39% in Brazil, 1.70% in Uruguay, 0.70% in India, and 0.45% in South Africa. This allows Morocco to figure in the top 10 countries fully vaccinated against COVID-19 despite the lack of resources and belonging to developing countries. Finally, our study gives an example to other countries to benefit from the Moroccan experience. Nevertheless, vaccination is only one element of a comprehensive COVID-19 strategy, it must be accompanied by measures to reduce circulating infection and keep them low.

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