Decision-Making Dysfunctions in Psychiatry—Altered Homeostatic Processing?

Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 318 (5850) ◽  
pp. 602-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin P. Paulus
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
The State ◽  
Optimal Decision ◽  
Homeostatic Regulation ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Decision Strategies ◽  
Homeostatic Process ◽  
Gain And Loss

Decision-making consists of selecting an action from a set of available options. This results in an outcome that changes the state of the decision-maker. Therefore, decision-making is part of a homeostatic process. Individuals with psychiatric disorders show altered decision-making. They select options that are either non-optimal or nonhomeostatic. These dysfunctional patterns of decision-making in individuals with psychiatric disorders may fundamentally relate to problems with homeostatic regulation. These may manifest themselves in (i) how the length of time between decisions and their outcomes influences subsequent decision-making, (ii) how gain and loss feedback are integrated to determine the optimal decision, (iii) how individuals adapt their decision strategies to match the specific context, or (iv) how seemingly maladaptive responses result from an attempt to establish an unstable homeostatic balance.

scholarly journals Support of decision-making under risk by a risk-averse decision-maker

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Łodziński
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
The State ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Discrete Problem ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Decision Making Under Risk ◽  
State Of The Environment

The paper presents the decision support under risk by the risk averse decision maker. Decision making under risk occurs when the result of the decision is not unequivocal and depends on the state of the environment. The decision making process is modeled with the use of multi-criteria optimization. The decision is made by solving the problem with the control parameters that determine the decision maker's aspirations and the evaluation of the solutions received. The decision maker asks the parameter for which the solution is determined. Then, evaluate the solution received accepting or rejecting it. In the second case, the decision maker gives a new parameter value and the problem is solved again for the new parameter. The work includes an simple discrete problem of decision support under risk

ANSWER SET PROGRAMMING AND COMBINATORIAL MULTICRITERIA DECISION MAKING

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (04) ◽  
pp. 393-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAFAL GRABOŚ
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Logic Program ◽  
Multicriteria Analysis ◽  
Multicriteria Decision Making ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Combinatorial Structure ◽  
Optimal Decision ◽  
Multicriteria Decision ◽  
Answer Set

The majority of approaches to multicriteria optimization are based on quantitative representations of preferences of a decision maker, in which numerical procedures of multicriteria analysis are used for aggregation purposes. However, very often qualitative data cannot be known in terms of absolute values so that a qualitative approach is needed. Moreover, the multicriteria methods are directly applicable when alternatives are individuals-then they may be explicitly listed and ordered by an agent. However, sometimes the set of alternatives has combinatorial structure and it must be selected from the set of Cartesian products of value domains of attributes satisfying certain constraints. Then, the space of possible alternatives has a size exponential in the number of variables and ranking all alternatives explicitly is a complex and tedious task. In this paper we propose logic programming with ordered disjunction as a qualitative approach to combinatorial multicriteria decision making, allowing a concise representation of the preference structures, and a human-like form of expressions, being close to natural language, hence providing a good readability and simplicity. A combinatorial multicriteria decision making problem is encoded as a logic program, in which preferences of the decision maker are represented qualitatively. The optimal decision corresponds exactly to the preferred answer set of the program, obtained via the well-known methods of multicriteria analysis.

The Process of Deprescribing

2019 ◽  
pp. 119-136
Author(s):  
Swapnil Gupta ◽  
Rebecca Miller ◽  
John D. Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Psychotropic Medications ◽  
Withdrawal Symptoms ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Cultural Meaning ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Medication Changes

Deprescribing of psychotropic medications introduces additional complexities related to the specific context of psychiatric disorders and their cultural meaning. This chapter expands on the process of deprescribing as it relates specifically to psychiatry, taking the five essential steps of deprescribing in general medicine and elaborating on them for use in psychiatry. These include a detailed decision-making process, psychoeducation of both the patient and friends or family, and close monitoring and adaptation during medication reduction. Given the current absence of guidelines in this area, documentation is a key element of the process and is discussed in this chapter. Included are suggested templates to support accurate documentation, including the decision-making process, the patient’s response to medication changes, medication lists with their indications, and the appearance and management of withdrawal symptoms and/or relapse.

scholarly journals Approaches to the application of the analytic hierarchy process in order to make a decision by the head of the border control unit

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-13
Author(s):  
M. N. Sorokin ◽  
D. S. Rabenka
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
The State ◽  
Border Crossing ◽  
Optimal Decision ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Border Control ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Crossing Point

The head of the border control unit faces the need to make the decision on the protection of the state border at the border crossing point every day. Decision-making on the protection of the state border is a complex multifactorial process with the variability of possible final values. The article discusses the possibility of using the hierarchy analysis method for the decision-making process by the head of the border control unit. In order to make an optimal decision, using the method of analyzing hierarchies, it is necessary to decompose the known factors into indicators that directly affect the protection of the state border and the situation at the border crossing point. Decomposition of factors into indicators was carried out by the method of expert assessment, the disadvantage of which is the possible subjectivity of expert judgments. To obtain a sufficient number of qualitative judgments when choosing indicators of factors that directly affect the protection of the state border, the authors propose a method for determining the required number of experts when conducting expert assessments. Based on the results obtained, the allowable size of the expert group was 18 specialists involved in assessing the research problem. The research indicates that the involvement of experts in excess of the specified number leads to the presentation by them of insignificant for decision-making or repeated judgments. In order to achieve the best results, substantiate the proposal of all possible optimal indicators of factors that directly affect the protection of the state border, a categorical selection of experts in the direction of protecting the state border at the border crossing point has been established.

Minimizing Missed Opportunities: Modeling Relationships between the State and Business in Russia

2009 ◽  
pp. 42-61
Author(s):  
A. Oleynik
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Common Good ◽  
The State ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Power Domination ◽  
Individual Decision Making ◽  
Optimal Outcomes

Power involves a number of models of choice: maximizing, satisficing, coercion, and minimizing missed opportunities. The latter is explored in detail and linked to a particular type of power, domination by virtue of a constellation of interests. It is shown that domination by virtue of a constellation of interests calls for justification through references to a common good, i.e. a rent to be shared between Principal and Agent. Two sources of sub-optimal outcomes are compared: individual decision-making and interactions. Interactions organized in the form of power relationships lead to sub-optimal outcomes for at least one side, Agent. Some empirical evidence from Russia is provided for illustrative purposes.

Institutionalism: Theory, Decision-making Basis, Method of Criticism

2009 ◽  
pp. 110-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Moskovsky
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Technological Imperative ◽  
Logical Inconsistency ◽  
Basis Method

The author analyzes the state of institutional economics in contemporary Russia. It is characterized by arbitrary confusion of the ideas of «old», «new» and «mathematical» versions of institutionalism which results in logical inconsistency and even eclectics to be observed in the literature. The new and mathematical versions of institutionalism are shown to be based on legal, political and mathematical determinism tightly connected with the so-called «economic approach» (G. Becker). The main attention is paid to the discussion of theoretical and practical potential of the contemporary classical («old») institutionalism. The author focuses on its philosophical grounds and its technological imperative, the institution of science, the method of criticism, the opportunity of using classical institutionalist ideas as the ideology of economic reforms in Russia.

Design emergence in Morocco as an African country: a pending institutionalization

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil EL HILALI
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Theory ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
African Country ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The State ◽  
Design Management ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Design Value ◽  
Specific Country

If design management is worldwide institutionalized especially in developed economies, little is known about African design even though the continent is becoming an attractive economy thanks to his exponential growth and more political stability. Oriented toward one specific country: Morocco, this study through a questioning embedded in institutional theory brings an overview about design in a specific context. This research captures design management emergence in Morocco by spotting the light on the state of design institutionalization toward the creation of design value.

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