withdrawal symptoms
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2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 3501-3504
Author(s):  
Zeyad Tariq Al-Noimi

Backgrounds and Aims: The term "Internet user" refers to anybody who has a computer and can access the Internet from anywhere in the world. This research sought to examine the amount of internet usage among students by gender, sleep problems among students by gender, and aggressive behaviour among students by gender. To examine the extent to which pupils exhibit withdrawal symptoms based on their gender, and to evaluate the degree to which students exhibit violent behaviour based on their gender. Patients and Methods: A descriptive design was carried out from 15th, January 2021 through 29th, March 2021 to achieve the present study's objectives. The research participants were 100 pupils from Nineveh Education Directorate secondary schools, ranging in age from 13 to 17 years. The data collection period was from the 20th of January to the 1st of February 2021 in order to fulfil the present study's objectives. This scale is prepared to be applied by an interview with pupils Aggressive Behavior Scale, Internet Addiction Test, Social Withdrawal Scale to achieve the goals of the study, The validity of the scale, was done through a review of 10 experts of different specialties related to the field of the present study were chosen. Results: The findings revealed that most pupils had equal male and females pupils had mild use of the Internet, the majority of the similar male and females pupils had soft sleep disorders, excessive aggressive behavior is the highest percentage and frequency in females, outrageous aggressive behavior is the highest percentage and frequency in male, the male and females pupils had similar mild withdrawal symptom, the male more than female had excessive eating disorders. Conclusions: the equal male and females students had mild use of the Internet. The majority of similar male and females students had soft sleep disorders. Excessive aggressive behavior is the highest percentage and frequency in females. The male and females students had similar mild withdrawal symptoms—the male more than female had extreme eating disorders. Conclusion: assist students in expressing their problems, and understand their motivations for behaviors, and make them continue interaction with their communities. Integration care of students with excessive internet usage in all spectrums (psychiatry, healthy, socially, and educationally). Having instructors and parents utilise excessive amounts of the Internet to connect with children. Training teachers on the correct diagnosis of students with excessive usage of the Internet. Keywords: Psychological behaviour, Internet Users.


2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (12) ◽  
pp. 1920-1929

Background: Smoking is a risk factor for chronic diseases. A combination of tobacco use with occupational hazards among industrial workers could increase the risk of occupational disease and injury. Nicotine is known to be highly addictive. It is difficult not only to maintain the decrease in smoking but also to continue quitting tobacco use. Moreover, nicotine withdrawal can be challenging and lead to failure in the smoking cessation process. Self-efficacy theory has been used recently for the development of effective smoking cessation programs. Objective: To develop an online nicotine withdrawal symptoms management program based on self-efficacy theory and examine its effectiveness. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental design with a control group pretest-posttest design was used. The sample consisted of male employees working in a consumer product manufacturing industry in Bangkok. An intervention group (n=28) received an online nicotine withdrawal symptoms management program via LINE application based on self-efficacy theory for one month. In comparison, participants in the control group (n=29) received a conventional smoking cessation program. The effectiveness of the intervention on nicotine withdrawal symptoms, cigarette craving, self-efficacy perception of nicotine withdrawal management, cigarette rolls per day, nicotine dependence level, exhaled carbon monoxide level, and smoking cessation behavior the first and fourth week were examined using a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: At one-month follow-up, there were significant differences between the two groups on nicotine withdrawal symptoms score, cigarette craving level, self-efficacy perception of nicotine withdrawal management, cigarette rolls per day, nicotine addiction level, exhaled carbon monoxide level, and smoking cessation behaviors (p<0.001). In addition, there was a significant difference in the self-reported nicotine withdrawal symptoms score in terms of irritability, anger, anxiety, concentration deficit, depression, and insomnia (p<0.001) between groups, between times, and between times and groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: Nicotine withdrawal symptoms management program using LINE application is effective in encouraging smoking cessation. Keywords: Smoking cessation; Nicotine withdrawal symptoms; LINE application; Industrial workers


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Kesner ◽  
Yolanda Mateo ◽  
Karina P. Abrahao ◽  
Stephanie Ramos-Maciel ◽  
Matthew J. Pava ◽  
...  

AbstractWithdrawal symptoms are observed upon cessation of cannabis use in humans. Although animal studies have examined withdrawal symptoms following exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), difficulties in obtaining objective measures of spontaneous withdrawal using paradigms that mimic cessation of use in humans have slowed research. The neuromodulator dopamine (DA) is known to be affected by chronic THC treatment and plays a role in many behaviors related to human THC withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms include sleep disturbances that often drive relapse, and emotional behaviors, e.g., irritability and anhedonia. We examined THC withdrawal-induced changes in striatal DA release and the extent to which sleep disruption and behavioral maladaptation manifest during withdrawal in a mouse chronic cannabis exposure model. Using a THC treatment regimen known to produce tolerance we measured electrically elicited DA release in acute brain slices from different striatal subregions during early and late THC abstinence. Long-term polysomnographic recordings from mice were used to assess vigilance state and sleep architecture before, during, and after THC treatment. We additionally assessed how behaviors that model human withdrawal symptoms are altered by chronic THC treatment in early and late abstinence. We detected altered striatal DA release, sleep disturbances that mimic clinical observations, and behavioral maladaptation in mice following tolerance inducing THC treatment. Sex differences were observed in nearly all metrics. Altered striatal DA release, sleep and affect-related behaviors associated with spontaneous THC abstinence were more consistently observed in male mice. To our knowledge these findings provide the first model of directly translatable non-precipitated cannabis withdrawal symptoms, in particular, sleep disruption.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajita Sinha ◽  
Nia Fogelman ◽  
Stephanie Wemm ◽  
Gustavo Angarita ◽  
Dongju Seo ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Theresa Carroll

Practice Problem: Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) affects a significant portion of the population in the United States. When AUD is either unrecognized or inadequately treated in the acute care setting it can lead to medical complications, increased length or stay (LOS), increased healthcare expense, and increased patient mortality. PICOT: In a population of adult patients admitted to an acute care hospital progressive care unit (P), how does applying an initial evidence-based screening tool to detect risk for moderate to severe alcohol withdrawal, the PAWSS (I), compare to no standard screening or assessment for potential alcohol withdrawal symptoms (C) affect the occurrence of patient deterioration for acute alcohol withdrawal symptoms (O) within an eight week timeframe (T)? Intervention: The PAWSS tool was utilized to screen all patients admitted to the progressive care unit. Patients identified at moderate to severe risk by a score of ≥4 were treated according to the standard facility practice with included CIWA-Ar monitoring and medication management with benzodiazepine medication. Outcome: The project was able to demonstrate a significant decrease in the mean LOS for those patients identified at risk and treated for AWS, with an average decrease of 50 hours in length of stay for those patients treated during the project implementation. Conclusion: Early recognition of patients at risk for AWS is an important component of effective management and treatment. Further study is needed into best practices for treatment of patients at risk, and internal compliance measures within the organization.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. Xu ◽  
Alexandra M. Dunham ◽  
Zachary O. Enumah ◽  
Casey J. Humbyrd

Abstract Background Prior studies have assessed provider knowledge and factors associated with opioid misuse; similar studies evaluating patient knowledge are lacking. The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of understanding regarding opioid use in orthopaedic trauma patients. We also sought to determine the demographic factors and clinical and personal experiences associated with level of understanding. Methods One hundred and sixty-six adult orthopaedic trauma surgery patients across two clinical sites of an academic institution participated in an internet-based survey (2352 invited, 7.1% response rate). Demographic, clinical, and personal experience variables, as well as perceptions surrounding opioid use were collected. Relationships between patient characteristics and opioid perceptions were identified using univariate and multivariable logistic regressions. Alpha = 0.05. Results Excellent recognition (> 85% correct) of common opioids, side effects, withdrawal symptoms, and disposal methods was demonstrated by 29%, 10%, 30%, and 2.4% of patients; poor recognition (< 55%) by 11%, 56%, 33%, and 52% of patients, respectively. Compared with white patients, non-white patients had 7.8 times greater odds (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9–31) of perceiving addiction discrepancy (p = 0.004). Employed patients with higher education levels were less likely to have excellent understanding of side effects (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.06, 95% CI 0.006–0.56; p = 0.01) and to understand that dependence can occur within 2 weeks (aOR 0.28, 95% CI 0.09–0.86; p = 0.03) than unemployed patients. Patients in the second least disadvantaged ADI quartile were more knowledgeable about side effects (aOR 8.8, 95% CI 1.7–46) and withdrawal symptoms (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.0–7.2; p = 0.046) than those in the least disadvantaged quartile. Patients who knew someone who was dependent or overdosed on opioids were less likely to perceive addiction discrepancy (aOR 0.24, 95% CI 0.07–0.76; p = 0.02) as well as more likely to have excellent knowledge of withdrawal symptoms (aOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1–6.5, p = 0.03) and to understand that dependence can develop within 2 weeks (aOR 3.8, 95% CI 1.5–9.8, p = 0.005). Conclusions Level of understanding regarding opioid use is low among orthopaedic trauma surgery patients. Clinical and personal experiences with opioids, in addition to demographics, should be emphasized in the clinical history.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
Tapan Kumar Mahato ◽  
Sunil Kumar Ojha ◽  
Vishwakarma Singh ◽  
Surendra Pratap Singh Parihar

Addiction is a feel good or euphoria like condition which is commonly associated with drug abuse (opioid & non-opioid), alcohol and nicotine intake. There are many reasons behind a man gets addicted to these substances such as recreation purpose, drugs used for long time for treatment of any disorder and gets addicted, unemployment, stress, emotions, professional pressure and social status. It provides enjoyable feelings which results in creating a strong urge to use the substances again and again. These drugs can cause physical dependence or psychological dependence or both. Over time, drug tolerance is produced which means to get the same effect more quantity of the drug is needed. These substances are very harmful physically, mentally, financially and socially too. If someone suddenly terminates using these substances after heavy or long term use, the body needs time to recover and number of withdrawal symptoms arises. These withdrawal symptoms can’t be treated by medications only but it needs counselling and support as well. This article reviews i. the drug abuse (opioid & non-opioid), alcohol and nicotine addictions with their withdrawal symptoms and medications used to treat these symptoms ii. Rehabilitation centers running and other steps taken by Government of India to aware people especially the youths of the country about the harmful effects of these substances.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikrant R. Mahajan ◽  
Sophie K. Elvig ◽  
Leandro F. Vendruscolo ◽  
George F. Koob ◽  
Valerie L. Darcey ◽  
...  

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing brain disorder, characterized by compulsive alcohol seeking and disrupted brain function. In individuals with AUD, abstinence from alcohol often precipitates withdrawal symptoms than can be life threatening. Here, we review evidence for nutritional ketosis as a potential means to reduce withdrawal and alcohol craving. We also review the underlying mechanisms of action of ketosis. Several findings suggest that during alcohol intoxication there is a shift from glucose to acetate metabolism that is enhanced in individuals with AUD. During withdrawal, there is a decline in acetate levels that can result in an energy deficit and could contribute to neurotoxicity. A ketogenic diet or ingestion of a ketone ester elevates ketone bodies (acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetone) in plasma and brain, resulting in nutritional ketosis. These effects have been shown to reduce alcohol withdrawal symptoms, alcohol craving, and alcohol consumption in both preclinical and clinical studies. Thus, nutritional ketosis may represent a unique treatment option for AUD: namely, a nutritional intervention that could be used alone or to augment the effects of medications.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Rita Hadi Widyastuti ◽  
Khirza Maulida Fitri

Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) approaches have among the highest level of empirical support for drug and alcohol use disorder treatment. The unbearable impact of withdrawal syndrome such as physical related problems, psychological, social and behavioural can take a long-term impact such as affective and anxiety disorder that can lead to depression. CBT as an intervention that improves coping-skill, and strategy to change a maladaptive mindset should be convenient to reduce withdrawal symptoms. The effect of CBT intervention on the severity of the symptoms of methamphetamine withdrawal syndrome is still narrow. This research is aimed to find out the CBT effect on withdrawal symptoms in both qualitative and quantitative methods on female inmates. This research uses a case study design. Data were conducted using Amphetamine Withdrawal Questionnaire (AWQ) before and after CBT intervention. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis presented as distribution frequency on both before and after the intervention and discussed with single case analysis.  The result showed that CBT affects reducing withdrawal syndrome symptoms severity after 4 weeks and 4 session intervention. CBT affects decreasing withdrawal syndrome severity level. Based on these findings, the correctional nurse needs to develop comprehensive nursing care by providing CBT on a rehabilitation program to decrease female inmates’ withdrawal syndrome severity level.


PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12531
Author(s):  
Maryam Kazemitabar ◽  
Danilo Garcia

Background Even though tobacco is one of the most preventable causes of death worldwide, it endangers more than 8 million people yearly. In this context, meta-analyses suggest that a significant part of the general Iranian population over 15 years of age smoke and that there is a need for good screening tools for smoking cravings and urges in Iran. The present study reported the translation and investigated the psychometric properties (i.e., factor structure, validity, and reliability) of the Persian version of the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (QSU) with 12 items in the Iranian context. Method The translation process and content validity of the items were examined entirely in an expert panel using the Content Validity Index. The total sample of participants in which the translated version was tested consisted of 392 (172 female, 220 male, Mage = 22.31 years, SD = 2.90) university students who answered the QSU 12-item at the start of their participation in smoking cessation interventions. The QSU 12-item was firstly translated, then piloted using a subsample of 150 university students and finally validity and reliability of the instrument were investigated using a subsample of 242 participants. We tested the proposed models in the literature, that is, a 1-factor solution and a 2-factor solution with six items on each factor (Factor 1: desire/intention to smoke; Factor 2: relief of negative affect or withdrawal symptoms and anticipation of positive outcome). At last, we tested differences across differences in QSU-scores across different subgroups of individuals based on their demographics. Results The results suggested that, in contrast to past studies, a modified 2-factor model, using five items for Factor 1 and 7 items for Factor 2, was the best fitting model (CFI = .95, RMSEA = .09, CI = 90%). Additionally, the QSU 12-item Persian version showed good convergent and divergent validity, internal consistency (Factor 1 = .94, Factor 2 = .97), ICC (average measure ICC = .95, CI = 95%, F(391, 4301) = 20.54, p < .001), concurrent validity (r = .71, p < .01), and discriminant validity (r = −.04, p > .05). Finally, subgroups based on gender, marital status, (un)employment, and educational level did not differed in their responses to the QSU 12-item. Conclusion The Persian version of the QSU 12-item has satisfactory psychometric properties and, with a slight modification, it can be considered as a reliable and valid method to estimate smoking urges in the Iranian population. Moreover, the QSU 12-item seems appropriate to measure urge for smoking among groups of individuals with different sociodemographic backgrounds. Importantly, the QSU 12-item differentiates individuals’ desire and intention to smoke from their anticipated relief of negative affect or withdrawal symptoms, which can be important for personalizing interventions targeting individuals who want to quit smoking.


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