scholarly journals Signatures of Adaptation to Obligate Biotrophy in the Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Genome

Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 330 (6010) ◽  
pp. 1549-1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Baxter ◽  
Sucheta Tripathy ◽  
Naveed Ishaque ◽  
Nico Boot ◽  
Adriana Cabral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Rxlr Effectors ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Zoospore Formation ◽  
Hyaloperonospora Arabidopsidis ◽  
Obligate Biotrophs ◽  
Obligate Biotroph

Many oomycete and fungal plant pathogens are obligate biotrophs, which extract nutrients only from living plant tissue and cannot grow apart from their hosts. Although these pathogens cause substantial crop losses, little is known about the molecular basis or evolution of obligate biotrophy. Here, we report the genome sequence of the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa), an obligate biotroph and natural pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana. In comparison with genomes of related, hemibiotrophic Phytophthora species, the Hpa genome exhibits dramatic reductions in genes encoding (i) RXLR effectors and other secreted pathogenicity proteins, (ii) enzymes for assimilation of inorganic nitrogen and sulfur, and (iii) proteins associated with zoospore formation and motility. These attributes comprise a genomic signature of evolution toward obligate biotrophy.

scholarly journals Conserved RxLR Effectors From Oomycetes Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and Phytophthora sojae Suppress PAMP- and Effector-Triggered Immunity in Diverse Plants

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devdutta Deb ◽  
Ryan G. Anderson ◽  
Theresa How-Yew-Kin ◽  
Brett M. Tyler ◽  
John M. McDowell
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Phytophthora Species ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Rxlr Effectors ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Effector Triggered Immunity ◽  
Hyaloperonospora Arabidopsidis ◽  
Diverse Plant

Effector proteins are exported to the interior of host cells by diverse plant pathogens. Many oomycete pathogens maintain large families of candidate effector genes, encoding proteins with a secretory leader followed by an RxLR motif. Although most of these genes are very divergent between oomycete species, several genes are conserved between Phytophthora species and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, suggesting that they play important roles in pathogenicity. We describe a pair of conserved effector candidates, HaRxL23 and PsAvh73, from H. arabidopsidis and P. sojae respectively. We show that HaRxL23 is expressed early during infection of Arabidopsis. HaRxL23 triggers an ecotype-specific defense response in Arabidopsis, suggesting that it is recognized by a host surveillance protein. HaRxL23 and PsAvh73 can suppress pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) in Nicotiana benthamiana and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in soybean. Transgenic Arabidopsis constitutively expressing HaRxL23 or PsAvh73 exhibit suppression of PTI and enhancement of bacterial and oomycete virulence. Together, our experiments demonstrate that these conserved oomycete RxLR effectors suppress PTI and ETI across diverse plant species.

Effectors of biotrophic fungal plant pathogens

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela H. P. Gan ◽  
Maryam Rafiqi ◽  
Adrienne R. Hardham ◽  
Peter N. Dodds
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Plant Proteins ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Host Cytoplasm ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Biotrophic Fungi

Plant pathogenic biotrophic fungi are able to grow within living plant tissue due to the action of secreted pathogen proteins known as effectors that alter the response of plant cells to pathogens. The discovery and identification of these proteins has greatly expanded with the sequencing and annotation of fungal pathogen genomes. Studies to characterise effector function have revealed that a subset of these secreted pathogen proteins interact with plant proteins within the host cytoplasm. This review focuses on the effectors of intracellular biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal plant pathogens and summarises advances in understanding the roles of these proteins in disease and in elucidating the mechanism of fungal effector uptake into host cells.

Morphological, biochemical and molecular identification of rhizobacteria isolates with potential for biocontrol of fungal plant pathogens

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Stephen Larbi-Koranteng ◽  
Richard Tuyee Awuah ◽  
Fredrick Kankam ◽  
Muntala Abdulai ◽  
Marian Dorcas Quain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens

Reduction of Selenicereus stem cuttings weight by fungal plant pathogens during storage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Darby Taguiam ◽  
Edzel Evallo ◽  
Mark Angelo Balendres
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens

scholarly journals The carbon source-dependent pattern of antimicrobial activity and gene expression in Pseudomonas donghuensis P482

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Matuszewska ◽  
Tomasz Maciąg ◽  
Magdalena Rajewska ◽  
Aldona Wierzbicka ◽  
Sylwia Jafra
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Reference Genes ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Unknown Compound ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
The Impact

AbstractPseudomonas donghuensis P482 is a tomato rhizosphere isolate with the ability to inhibit growth of bacterial and fungal plant pathogens. Herein, we analysed the impact of the carbon source on the antibacterial activity of P482 and expression of the selected genes of three genomic regions in the P482 genome. These regions are involved in the synthesis of pyoverdine, 7-hydroxytropolone (7-HT) and an unknown compound (“cluster 17”) and are responsible for the antimicrobial activity of P482. We showed that the P482 mutants, defective in these regions, show variations and contrasting patterns of growth inhibition of the target pathogen under given nutritional conditions (with glucose or glycerol as a carbon source). We also selected and validated the reference genes for gene expression studies in P. donghuensis P482. Amongst ten candidate genes, we found gyrB, rpoD and mrdA the most stably expressed. Using selected reference genes in RT-qPCR, we assessed the expression of the genes of interest under minimal medium conditions with glucose or glycerol as carbon sources. Glycerol was shown to negatively affect the expression of genes necessary for 7-HT synthesis. The significance of this finding in the light of the role of nutrient (carbon) availability in biological plant protection is discussed.

scholarly journals Stress-Activated Protein Kinase Signalling Regulates Mycoparasitic Hyphal-Hyphal Interactions in Trichoderma atroviride

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
Dubraska Moreno-Ruiz ◽  
Linda Salzmann ◽  
Mark D. Fricker ◽  
Susanne Zeilinger ◽  
Alexander Lichius
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Map Kinases ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Tip Growth ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Trichoderma Atroviride ◽  
Contact Phase ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Signalling Network ◽  
Mapk Signalling

Trichoderma atroviride is a mycoparasitic fungus used as biological control agent against fungal plant pathogens. The recognition and appropriate morphogenetic responses to prey-derived signals are essential for successful mycoparasitism. We established microcolony confrontation assays using T. atroviride strains expressing cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) interactive binding (CRIB) reporters to analyse morphogenetic changes and the dynamic displacement of localized GTPase activity during polarized tip growth. Microscopic analyses showed that Trichoderma experiences significant polarity stress when approaching its fungal preys. The perception of prey-derived signals is integrated via the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling network, and deletion of the MAP kinases Trichoderma MAPK 1 (Tmk1) and Tmk3 affected T. atroviride tip polarization, chemotropic growth, and contact-induced morphogenesis so severely that the establishment of mycoparasitism was highly inefficient to impossible. The responses varied depending on the prey species and the interaction stage, reflecting the high selectivity of the signalling process. Our data suggest that Tmk3 affects the polarity-stress adaptation process especially during the pre-contact phase, whereas Tmk1 regulates contact-induced morphogenesis at the early-contact phase. Neither Tmk1 nor Tmk3 loss-of-function could be fully compensated within the GTPase/MAPK signalling network underscoring the crucial importance of a sensitive polarized tip growth apparatus for successful mycoparasitism.

Metabolites of rhizobacteria antagonistic towards fungal plant pathogens

2007 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garima Jha ◽  
Vanamala Anjaiah
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens

scholarly journals The Genomes of the Fungal Plant Pathogens Cladosporium fulvum and Dothistroma septosporum Reveal Adaptation to Different Hosts and Lifestyles But Also Signatures of Common Ancestry

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. e1003088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre J. G. M. de Wit ◽  
Ate van der Burgt ◽  
Bilal Ökmen ◽  
Ioannis Stergiopoulos ◽  
Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Common Ancestry ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Dothistroma Septosporum

scholarly journals Tools of the crook- infection strategies of fungal plant pathogens

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Rodriguez-Moreno ◽  
Malaika K. Ebert ◽  
Melvin D. Bolton ◽  
Bart P.H.J. Thomma
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens

Infection structures of biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal plant pathogens

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Perfect ◽  
Jonathan R. Green
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Infection Structures ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens
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