scholarly journals Investigation of antiparasitic activity of ten European tree bark extracts on Toxoplasma gondii and bioguided identification of triterpenes in Alnus glutinosa barks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Darme ◽  
Jérémy Spalenka ◽  
Jane Hubert ◽  
Sandie Escotte-binet ◽  
Laurent Debelle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Tree Bark ◽  
Chemotherapy Treatment ◽  
Antiparasitic Activity ◽  
Black Alder ◽  
Chemical Profiling ◽  
Maternal Fetal Transmission ◽  
Aids Chemotherapy

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide parasitosis that affects one-third of the population. People at risk, such as immunocompromised patients (AIDS, chemotherapy treatment) or fetuses (maternal-fetal transmission) can develop severe forms of the disease. The antiparasitic activity of extracts of different polarities ( n -heptane, MeOH, MeOH/H 2 O) of ten tree species endemics to temperate regions was investigated against Toxoplasma gondii infection in vitro . Our results showed that the n -heptane extract of the black alder ( Alnus glutinosa ) exhibited a significant antiparasitic activity without any cytotoxicity at the tested concentrations, with an IC 50 of up to 25.08 μg/mL and a selectivity index higher than 3.99. The chemical profiling of this extract revealed triterpenes as major constituents. The ability of commercially available triterpene (betulin, betulinic acid, and betulone) to inhibit the growth of T. gondii was evaluated and showed growth inhibition rates of 44%, 49%, and 99% at 10 μM, respectively.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation Explains Changes in Susceptibility in a Naïve Host Against an Invasive Forest Pathogen: The Case of Alder and the Phytophthora alni Complex

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 517-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Redondo ◽  
Jan Stenlid ◽  
Jonàs Oliva
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Heritable Variation ◽  
Narrow Sense Heritability ◽  
Black Alder

Predicting whether naïve tree populations have the potential to adapt to exotic pathogens is necessary owing to the increasing rate of invasions. Adaptation may occur as a result of natural selection when heritable variation in terms of susceptibility exists in the naïve population. We searched for signs of selection on black alder (Alnus glutinosa) stands growing on riverbanks invaded by two pathogens differing in aggressiveness, namely, Phytophthora uniformis (PU) and Phytophthora × alni (PA). We compared the survival and heritability measures from 72 families originating from six invaded and uninvaded (naïve) sites by performing in vitro inoculations. The results from the inoculations were used to assess the relative contribution of host genetic variation on natural selection. We found putative signs of natural selection on alder exerted by PU but not by PA. For PU, we found a higher survival in families originating from invaded sites compared with uninvaded sites. The narrow sense heritability of susceptibility to PU of uninvaded populations was significantly higher than to PA. Simulated data supported the role of heritable genetic variation on natural selection and discarded a high aggressiveness of PA decreasing the transmission rate as an alternative hypothesis for a slow natural selection. Our findings expand on previous attempts of using heritability as a predictor for the likelihood of natural adaptation of naïve tree populations to invasive pathogens. Measures of genetic variation can be useful for risk assessment purposes or when managing Phytophthora invasions.

scholarly journals A Novel Benzodioxole-Containing Inhibitor of Toxoplasma gondii Growth Alters the Parasite Cell Cycle

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 5438-5451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Kamau ◽  
Tracy Meehan ◽  
Mark D. Lavine ◽  
Gustavo Arrizabalaga ◽  
Gabriela Mustata Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Antiparasitic Activity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
M Phase ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Microarray Analyses ◽  
Novel Scaffold

ABSTRACTToxoplasma gondiiis an obligate intracellular parasite that can cause disease in the developing fetus and in immunocompromised humans. Infections can last for the life of the individual, and to date there are no drugs that eliminate the chronic cyst stages that are characteristic of this parasite. In an effort to identify new chemical scaffolds that could form the basis for new therapeutics, we carried out a chemoinformatic screen for compounds that had the potential to interact with members of a superfamily of parasite-secreted kinases and assayed them for growth inhibitionin vitro. Of 17 candidate compounds, we identified one with potent antiparasitic activity. The compound has a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ∼2 nM, and structure-function analyses implicate the benzodioxole moiety in its action. The compound does not appear to be cytotoxic to host cells. Using microarray analyses of both parasites and host cells treated with the compound, we found that the levels of very few host cell transcripts are altered by the compound, while a large number of parasite transcripts have a different abundance after compound treatment. Gene ontology analyses of parasite transcripts with a different abundance revealed an enrichment of cell cycle-related genes, suggesting that the compound alters progression of the parasite through the cell cycle. Assaying the nuclear content of treated parasites demonstrated that compound treatment significantly increased the percentage of parasites in the S/M phase of the cell cycle compared to controls. This compound and its analogs represent a novel scaffold with antiparasitic activity.

scholarly journals Promotion of resistance of black alder clones (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) against Phytophthora alni ssp. alni by cyclolipopeptide producing bacteria

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 222-229
Author(s):  
I. Zaspel ◽  
G. Naujoks ◽  
L. Krüger ◽  
L. H. Pham
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Black Alder ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Comparable Effect ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Pathogen Control ◽  
Secondary Roots

Summary This study demonstrated the promotion of the ability of black alder clones to resist to Phytophthora alni ssp. alni with the cyclolipopeptide (CLP)-producing Pseudomonas veronii isolate PAZ1. The bacterial strain, isolated from an association with P. alni ssp. alni, and characterised by its production of the secondary metabolites viscosin and massetolides, possessed inhibitory ability against isolates of the oomycete tree pathogen in vitro. In plant experiments with alder clones in vitro, the treatment with living bacteria showed an earlier start of the rooting process and a promoted root and shoot growth. Compared to non-treated plants, the root system was improved by longer primary roots with abundant secondary roots. The treatment with a methanol extract prepared from strain PAZ1 had no comparable effect. After protective application of strain PAZ1 14 days before the pathogen, the disease incidence was lower and biomass production was higher than in the pathogen control. These results were completed by a greenhouse experiment for a period of 13 months. Bacteria application prior to the pathogen led to reduced Phytophthora incidence at two of five clones in the combined treatment.

The effect of cyclic AMP on the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in vitro

1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Y Choi ◽  
H W Nam ◽  
J H Youn ◽  
D J Kim ◽  
W K Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Cyclic Amp

scholarly journals In vitro evaluation of new 4-thiazolidinones on invasion and growth of Toxoplasma gondii

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego A. Molina ◽  
Gerardo A. Ramos ◽  
Alejandro Zamora-Vélez ◽  
Gina M. Gallego-López ◽  
Cristian Rocha-Roa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
In Vitro Evaluation

Anti-parasitic activity of Annona muricata L. leaf ethanolic extract and its fractions against Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo

2021 ◽  
pp. 114019
Author(s):  
Natália Carnevalli Miranda ◽  
Ester Cristina Borges Araujo ◽  
Allisson Benatti Justino ◽  
Yusmaris Cariaco ◽  
Caroline Martins Mota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Parasitic Activity

Cytologic detection of Toxoplasma gondii in the cerebrospinal fluid of a dog and in vitro isolation of a unique mouse-virulent recombinant strain

2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872199668
Author(s):  
Waléria Borges-Silva ◽  
Mariana M. Rezende-Gondim ◽  
Gideão S. Galvão ◽  
Daniele S. Rocha ◽  
George R. Albuquerque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Recombinant Strain ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Cytologic Examination ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Tissue Homogenates

Parasites resembling Neospora caninum or Toxoplasma gondii were detected by cytologic examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a dog with neurologic disease. The dog became severely ill and was euthanized. Canine tissue homogenates were used for direct parasite isolation in cell culture, bioassay in 2 mouse lineages, and PCR. T. gondii was isolated in monkey kidney cells, and species identity was confirmed by PCR. Inoculated parasites were highly virulent for mice, which developed clinical signs and were euthanized immediately. PCR-RFLP for T. gondii using the cultured isolate (TgDgBA22) was conducted with 12 genetic markers, and a unique recombinant strain was identified. Detection of T. gondii by CSF cytology, although described in humans, had not been reported previously in dogs, to our knowledge, and was crucial for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in the examined dog.

scholarly journals Metabolic profiling, in vitro propagation, and genetic assessment of the endangered rare plant Anarrhinum pubescens

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmaa Abdelsalam ◽  
Ehab Mahran ◽  
Kamal Chowdhury ◽  
Arezue Boroujerdi
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Propagation ◽  
Genetic Fidelity ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Rare Plant ◽  
Chemical Profiling ◽  
Nodal Cutting ◽  
Regenerated Plants ◽  
Plant Shoots

Abstract Background Anarrhinum pubescens Fresen. (Plantaginaceae) is a rare plant, endemic to the Saint Catherine area, of South Sinai, Egypt. Earlier studies have reported the isolation of cytotoxic and anti-cholinesterase iridoid glucosides from the aerial parts of the plant. The present study aimed to investigate the chemical profiling of the wild plant shoots as well as establish efficient protocols for in vitro plant regeneration and proliferation with further assessment of the genetic stability of the in vitro regenerated plants. Results Twenty-seven metabolites have been identified in wild plant shoots using the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The metabolites include alkaloids, amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, vitamins, and a phenol. In vitro propagation of the plant was carried out through nodal cutting-micropropagation and leaf segment-direct organogenesis. The best results were obtained when nodal cutting explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium with Gamborg B5 vitamins supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (1.0 mg/L) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0.05 mg/L), which gave a shoot formation capacity of 100% and a mean number of shoots of 27.67 ± 1.4/explant. These shoots were successfully rooted and transferred to the greenhouse and the survival rate was 75%. Genetic fidelity evaluation of the micropropagated clones was carried out using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. Jaccard’s similarity coefficient indicated a similarity as high as 98% and 95% from RAPD and ISSR markers, respectively. Conclusions This study provides the chemical profiling of the aerial part of Anarrhinum pubescens. Moreover, in vitro regeneration through different tissue culture techniques has been established for mass propagation of the plant, and the genetic fidelity of the in vitro regenerated plants was confirmed as well. Our work on the in vitro propagation of A. pubescens will be helpful in ex situ conservation and identification of bioactive metabolites.

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