scholarly journals Action of Linezolid or Vancomycin on Biofilms in Ventriculoperitoneal ShuntsIn Vitro

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 2842-2845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Bayston ◽  
Gautham Ullas ◽  
Waheed Ashraf
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Shunt Infection ◽  
Csf Shunt ◽  
Csf Shunts ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Shunt Removal ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
Surgical Shunt

ABSTRACTCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts used to treat hydrocephalus have an overall infection rate of about 10% of operations. The commonest causative bacteria areStaphylococcus epidermidis, followed byStaphylococcus aureusand enterococci. Major difficulties are encountered with nonsurgical treatment due to biofilm development in the shunt tubing and inability to achieve sufficiently high CSF drug levels by intravenous administration. Recently, three cases ofS. epidermidisCSF shunt infection have been treated by intravenous linezolid without surgical shunt removal, and we therefore investigated vancomycin and linezolid against biofilms of these bacteriain vitro. A continuous-perfusion model of shunt catheter biofilms was used to establish mature (1-week) biofilms ofStaphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis(both methicillin resistant [MRSA and MRSE]),Enterococcus faecalis, andEnterococcus faecium. They were then “treated” with either vancomycin or linezolid in concentrations achievable in CSF for 14 days. The biofilms were then monitored for 1 week for eradication and for regrowth. Enterococcal biofilms were not eradicated by either vancomycin or linezolid. Staphylococcal biofilms were eradicated by both antibiotics after 2 days and did not regrow. No resistance was seen. Linezolid at concentrations achievable by intravenous or oral administration was able to eradicate biofilms of bothS. epidermidis(MRSE) andS. aureus(MRSA). Neither vancomycin at concentrations achievable by intrathecal administration nor linezolid was able to eradicate enterococcal biofilms. It is hoped that thesein vitroresults will stimulate further clinical trials with linezolid, avoiding surgical shunt removal.

Vancomycin and rifampin therapy for Staphylococcus epidermidis meningitis associated with CSF shunts

1981 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myles E. Gombert ◽  
Sheldon H. Landesman ◽  
Michael L. Corrado ◽  
Sherman C. Stein ◽  
Ellen T. Melvin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Csf Shunt ◽  
Csf Shunts ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Favorable Clinical Response ◽  
Time Kill ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Three patients with Staphylococcus epidermidis meningitis associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt devices were treated with a combination of intravenous vancomycin and oral rifampin. Two of the isolates were methicillin-resistant. All patients had a favorable clinical response. Time-kill curves showed that the addition of rifampin to vancomycin resulted in enhanced bactericidal activity against all isolates when compared to either antibiotic alone. This finding suggests that the combination of oral rifampin and intravenous vancomycin may be useful in the treatment of methicillin-resistant and recalcitrant methicillin-sensitive S. epidermidis meningitis associated with CSF shunts. In vitro susceptibility testing should be performed.

Impact of pH on growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidula Iyer ◽  
Janhavi Raut ◽  
Anindya Dasgupta
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Growth Kinetics ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Ph Dependence ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Kinetics Of

The pH of skin is critical for skin health and resilience and plays a key role in controlling the skin microbiome. It has been well reported that under dysbiotic conditions such as atopic dermatitis (AD), eczema, etc. there are significant aberrations of skin pH, along with a higher level of Staphylococcus aureus compared to the commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis on skin. To understand the effect of pH on the relative growth of S. epidermidis and S. aureus , we carried out simple in vitro growth kinetic studies of the individual microbes under varying pH conditions. We demonstrated that the growth kinetics of S. epidermidis is relatively insensitive to pH within the range of 5–7, while S. aureus shows a stronger pH dependence in that range. Gompertz’s model was used to fit the pH dependence of the growth kinetics of the two bacteria and showed that the equilibrium bacterial count of S. aureus was the more sensitive parameter. The switch in growth rate happens at a pH of 6.5–7. Our studies are in line with the general hypothesis that keeping the skin pH within an acidic range is advantageous in terms of keeping the skin microbiome in balance and maintaining healthy skin.

scholarly journals Oral Administration of the Broad-Spectrum Antibiofilm Compound Toremifene Inhibits Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm FormationIn Vivo

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 7606-7610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaat De Cremer ◽  
Nicolas Delattin ◽  
Katrijn De Brucker ◽  
Annelies Peeters ◽  
Soña Kucharíková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Candida Krusei ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

ABSTRACTWe here report on thein vitroactivity of toremifene to inhibit biofilm formation of different fungal and bacterial pathogens, includingCandida albicans,Candida glabrata,Candida dubliniensis,Candida krusei,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus aureus, andStaphylococcus epidermidis. We validated thein vivoefficacy of orally administered toremifene againstC. albicans and S. aureusbiofilm formation in a rat subcutaneous catheter model. Combined, our results demonstrate the potential of toremifene as a broad-spectrum oral antibiofilm compound.

scholarly journals Next Science Wound Gel Technology, a Novel Agent That Inhibits Biofilm Development by Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Wound Pathogens

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 3060-3072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle G. Miller ◽  
Phat L. Tran ◽  
Cecily L. Haley ◽  
Cassandra Kruzek ◽  
Jane A. Colmer-Hamood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Planktonic Bacteria ◽  
Topical Antimicrobials ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
Biofilm Infection

ABSTRACTLoss of the skin barrier facilitates the colonization of underlying tissues with various bacteria, where they form biofilms that protect them from antibiotics and host responses. Such wounds then become chronically infected. Topical antimicrobials are a major component of chronic wound therapy, yet currently available topical antimicrobials vary in their effectiveness on biofilm-forming pathogens. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of Next Science wound gel technology (NxtSc), a novel topical agent designed to kill planktonic bacteria, penetrate biofilms, and kill the bacteria within.In vitroquantitative analysis, using strains isolated from wounds, showed that NxtSc inhibited biofilm development byStaphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Acinetobacter baumannii, andKlebsiella pneumoniaeby inhibiting bacterial growth. The gel formulation NxtSc-G5, when applied to biofilms preformed by these pathogens, reduced the numbers of bacteria present by 7 to 8 log10CFU/disc or CFU/g.In vivo, NxtSc-G5 prevented biofilm formation for 72 h when applied at the time of wounding and infection and eliminated biofilm infection when applied 24 h after wounding and infection. Storage of NxtSc-G5 at room temperature for 9 months did not diminish its efficacy. These results establish that NxtSc is efficaciousin vitroandin vivoin preventing infection and biofilm development by different wound pathogens when applied immediately and in eliminating biofilm infection already established by these pathogens. This novel antimicrobial agent, which is nontoxic and has a usefully long shelf life, shows promise as an effective agent for the prevention and treatment of biofilm-related infections.

Role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy at infected cerebrospinal fluid shunt removal

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohisa Shimizu ◽  
Mark G. Luciano ◽  
Toru Fukuhara
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy ◽  
Shunt Infection ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Csf Shunt ◽  
Third Ventriculostomy ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt ◽  
Csf Shunts ◽  
Shunt Removal

Object Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection is distressing, especially in the pediatric population. Usually, infected CSF shunts are removed, and after temporary external CSF drainage, reinsertion of the CSF shunt is necessary. Unfortunately, it is not rare to encounter CSF reinfection after shunt renewal, and furthermore, the reinserted CSF shunt is at a considerable risk of malfunction. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is a potent option in managing CSF shunt infection, although ETV failure may occur more frequently when it is used to remove an infected shunt. The authors retrospectively evaluated CSF reinfection after using ETV during removal of infected CSF shunts; then the longevity of ETV and of successive reinserted ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPSs) after ETV failure were also examined. Methods Children with shunted hydrocephalus were retrospectively reviewed, and data on their initial CSF shunt infections were extracted. Thirty-six children underwent VPS reinsertion (the VPS group), and 9 underwent ETV after removal of the infected CSF shunt (the ETV group). As the primary outcome, ETV efficacy against CSF reinfection within 6 months was analyzed by comparing the reinfection rates, and the risk factors for CSF reinfection were analyzed by logistic regression. The longevity of the reinserted shunt in the VPS group was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, which was compared with ETV longevity as the secondary outcome, and also with the longevity of reinserted VPSs in the ETV group after ETV failure as the tertiary outcome. Results Reinfection of CSF was seen in 27.8% of children in the VPS group. Among 9 children in the ETV group, only 1 (11.1%) had CSF reinfection. However, logistic regression analysis failed to show that performing ETV was a significant factor protecting against CSF reinfection: the significant risk factors were younger age at reinsertion of VPS or ETV (p = 0.037) and a history of shunt revisions (p = 0.011). The longevity of reinserted VPSs in the VPS group was calculated to be 658 ± 166.3 days (mean ± SE). Longevity of ETV was compared in the analysis of the secondary outcome, which was 929.2 ± 511.1 days, and there were no significant differences between these durations. Only 2 ETVs stayed patent, and a VPS was eventually implanted in the other 7 children. The longevity of this reinserted VPS in the ETV group, calculated based on these 7 children, was 2011.1 ± 540.7 days, which was confirmed to be longer than that in the VPS group (p = 0.031). Conclusions Although the protective effect of using ETV during removal of an infected CSF shunt on reinfection is marginal, the ETV longevity can be considered equivalent to that of reinserted VPSs. Even if ETV failure occurs, the reinserted VPS has significantly better longevity than a VPS reinserted without using ETV, and use of ETV during infected CSF shunt removal can be considered a potent alternative or at least an adjunct to VPS reinsertion.

Results of surgical treatment of neurocysticercosis in 69 cases

1986 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedicto Oscar Colli ◽  
Nelson Martelli ◽  
João Alberto Assirati ◽  
Hélio Rubens Machado ◽  
Sylvio de Vergueiro Forjaz
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Fossa ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Shunt Infection ◽  
Shunt Revision ◽  
Csf Shunt ◽  
Increased Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Csf Shunts ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cerebral Parenchyma

✓ The clinical course of 69 patients with neurocysticercosis who underwent surgery to control increased intracranial pressure (ICP) or cyst removal is analyzed. Increased ICP was caused by hydrocephalus in 63 patients, by cerebral edema in four, and by giant cysts in two. Skull x-ray films showed calcifications in 14% and signs of elevated ICP in 46%. Examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed pleocytosis with eosinophils in 52% of cases and a positive complement fixation test for cysticercosis in 66%. Ventriculography allowed localization of the CSF obstruction and ventricular cysts, and generally differentiated between an obstruction due to cysts and an inflammatory process. Computerized tomography showed cysts in the cerebral parenchyma and ventricular dilatation. Ventricular cysts were best seen when intraventricular metrizamide was used. Intracranial shunting and posterior fossa exploration were less effective in the treatment of hydrocephalus than was ventriculoatrial (VA) or ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting, although VA or VP shunting was associated with a high percentage of complications. Quality of survival was good in 87% of the cases in the first 3 postoperative months and in 93% of patients who survived 2 years after surgery. Fortyseven patients (68%) were readmitted one or more times for CSF shunt revision; 14 of them for shunt infection (meningitis). The early operative mortality rate was 1.8% for patients with VA or VP shunt placement and 5.3% for those with posterior fossa exploration. The authors conclude that placement of CSF shunts is indicated in the treatment of hydrocephalus, and cyst removal is indicated only when the cyst exhibits tumor-like behavior. Surgical exploration is also indicated when the diagnosis is uncertain.

Corynebacterium Group JK pathogen in cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 648-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gershon Keren ◽  
Tal Geva ◽  
Bianca Bogokovsky ◽  
Ethan Rubinstein
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Shunt Infection ◽  
Csf Shunt ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Csf Shunts ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Central Nervous System Dysfunction ◽  
Skin Flora

✓ The clinical and laboratory findings in two cases of aerobic Corynebacterium Group JK infection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts are described. These organisms have occasionally been reported as a cause of serious infections in man but have not been reported as a cause of shunt infection. In both cases, CSF pleocytosis was limited to 20 or 60 cells with variable protein and sugar values. Fever was a constant finding, frequently accompanied by signs of central nervous system dysfunction. Corynebacterium Group JK organisms are common contaminants of the normal skin flora. When isolated from the blood and/or the CSF of a patient with a CSF shunt who has symptoms and signs compatible with infection, the organism should not be dismissed as a contaminant. A significant feature of this group is its resistance to almost all presently available antibiotics including penicillin, the cephalosporins, and the aminoglycosides. These organisms are, however, sensitive to vancomycin.

Presence of vitronectin and activated complement factor C9 on ventriculoperitoneal shunts and temporary ventricular drainage catheters

1999 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Lundberg ◽  
Dai-Qing Li ◽  
Dan Falkenback ◽  
Tor Lea ◽  
Peter Siesjö ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shunt Infection ◽  
Csf Shunt ◽  
Complement Factor ◽  
Ventricular Drainage ◽  
Csf Shunts ◽  
Native Form ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Csf Shunt Infection ◽  
Catheter Surface ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The pathogenesis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt infection is characterized by staphylococcal adhesion to the polymeric surface of the shunt catheter. Proteins from the CSF—fibronectin, vitronectin, and fibrinogen—are adsorbed to the surface of the catheter immediately after insertion. These proteins can interfere with the biological systems of the host and mediate staphylococcal adhesion to the surface of the catheter. In the present study, the presence of fibronectin, vitronectin, and fibrinogen on CSF shunts and temporary ventricular drainage catheters is shown. The presence of fragments of fibrinogen is also examined.Methods. The authors used the following methods: binding radiolabeled antibodies to the catheter surface, immunoblotting of catheter eluates, and scanning force microscopy of immunogold bound to the catheter surface. The immunoblot showed that vitronectin was adsorbed in its native form and that fibronectin was degraded into small fragments. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that the level of vitronectin in CSF increased in patients with an impaired CSF—blood barrier. To study complement activation, an antibody that recognizes the neoepitope of activated complement factor C9 was used. The presence of activated complement factor C9 was shown on both temporary catheters and shunts.Conclusions. Activation of complement close to the surface of an inserted catheter could contribute to the pathogenesis of CSF shunt infection.

scholarly journals The AgrD N-Terminal Leader Peptide of Staphylococcus aureus Has Cytolytic and Amyloidogenic Properties

2014 ◽  
Vol 82 (9) ◽  
pp. 3837-3844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Schwartz ◽  
Matthew D. Sekedat ◽  
Adnan K. Syed ◽  
Brendan O'Hara ◽  
David E. Payne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Amyloid Fibrils ◽  
Leader Peptide ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Peptide Toxins ◽  
Biofilm Development

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureusvirulence is coordinated through the Agr quorum-sensing system to produce an array of secreted molecules. One important class of secreted virulence factors is the phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). PSMs are small-peptide toxins that have recently been characterized for their roles in infection, biofilm development, and subversion of the host immune system. In this work, we demonstrate that the signal peptide of theS. aureusquorum-sensing signal, AgrD, shares structural and functional similarities with the PSM family of toxins. The efficacy of this peptide (termed N-AgrD) beyond AgrD propeptide trafficking has never been described before. We observe that N-AgrD, like the PSMs, is found in the amyloid fibrils ofS. aureusbiofilms and is capable of forming and seeding amyloid fibrilsin vitro. N-AgrD displays cytolytic and proinflammatory properties that are abrogated after fibril formation. These data suggest that the N-AgrD leader peptide affectsS. aureusbiology in a manner similar to that described previously for the PSM peptide toxins. Taken together, our findings suggest that peptide cleavage products can affect cellular function beyond their canonical roles and may represent a class of virulence factors warranting further exploration.

Study of the impact of cultivation conditions and peg surface modification on the in vitro biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in a system analogous to the Calgary biofilm device

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adéla Diepoltová ◽  
Klára Konečná ◽  
Ondřej Janďourek ◽  
Petr Nachtigal
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Surface Modification ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Cultivation Conditions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) are the most common pathogens from the genus Staphylococcus causing biofilm-associated infections. Generally, biofilm-associated infections represent a clinical challenge. Bacteria in biofilms are difficult to eradicate due to their resistance and serve as a reservoir for recurring persistent infections. Gap Statement. A variety of protocols for in vitro drug activity testing against staphylococcal biofilms have been introduced. However, there are often fundamental differences. All these differences in methodical approaches can then be reflected in the form of discrepancies between results. Aim. In this study, we aimed to develop optimal conditions for staphylococcal biofilm formation on pegs. The impact of peg surface modification was also studied. Methodology. The impact of tryptic soy broth alone or supplemented with foetal bovine serum (FBS) or human plasma (HP), together with the impact of the inoculum density of bacterial suspensions and the shaking versus the static mode of cultivation, on total biofilm biomass production in SA and SE reference strains was studied. The surface of pegs was modified with FBS, HP, or poly-l-lysine (PLL). The impact on total biofilm biomass was evaluated using the crystal violet staining method and statistical data analysis. Results. Tryptic soy broth supplemented with HP together with the shaking mode led to crucial potentiation of biofilm formation on pegs in SA strains. The SE strain did not produce biofilm biomass under the same conditions on pegs. Preconditioning of peg surfaces with FBS and HP led to a statistically significant increase in biofilm biomass formation in the SE strain. Conclusion. Optimal cultivation conditions for robust staphylococcal biofilm formation in vitro might differ among different bacterial strains and methodical approaches. The shaking mode and supplementation of cultivation medium with HP was beneficial for biofilm formation on pegs for SA (ATCC 29213) and methicillin-resistant SA (ATCC 43300). Peg conditioning with HP and PLL had no impact on biofilm formation in either of these strains. Peg coating with FBS showed an adverse effect on the biofilm formation of these strains. By contrast, there was a statistically significant increase in biofilm biomass production on pegs coated with FBS and HP for SE (ATCC 35983).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document