scholarly journals Dead-End Ultrafiltration and DNA-Based Methods for Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Agricultural Water

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Durigan ◽  
Helen R. Murphy ◽  
Alexandre J. da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cyclospora Cayetanensis ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Surface Water Samples

ABSTRACT Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoan parasite that causes foodborne and waterborne diarrheal illness outbreaks worldwide. Most of these outbreaks are associated with the consumption of fresh produce. Sensitive and specific methods to detect C. cayetanensis in agricultural water are needed to identify the parasite in agricultural water used to irrigate crops that have been implicated in outbreaks. In this study, a method to detect C. cayetanensis in water by combining dead-end ultrafiltration (DEUF) with sensitive and specific molecular detection was developed and evaluated. Triplicates of 10-liter agricultural water samples were seeded with 200, 100, 25, 12, and 6 C. cayetanensis oocysts. Surface water samples were also collected in the Mid-Atlantic region. All water samples were processed by DEUF and backflushed from the ultrafilters. DNA was extracted from concentrated samples and analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting the C. cayetanensis 18S rRNA gene. All water samples seeded with 12, 25, 100, and 200 oocysts were positive, and all unseeded samples were negative. Samples seeded with 6 oocysts had a detection rate of 66.6% (8/12). The method was also able to detect C. cayetanensis isolates in surface water samples from different locations of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (C&O Canal) in Maryland. This approach could consistently detect C. cayetanensis DNA in 10-liter agricultural water samples contaminated with low levels of oocysts, equivalent to the levels that may be found in naturally incurred environmental water sources. Our data demonstrate the robustness of the method as a useful tool to detect C. cayetanensis from environmental sources. IMPORTANCE Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoan parasite that causes foodborne and waterborne outbreaks of diarrheal illness worldwide. These foodborne outbreaks associated with the consumption of fresh produce and agricultural water could play a role in the contamination process. In this study, a method to detect C. cayetanensis in agricultural water by combining a robust filtration system with sensitive and specific molecular detection was developed and validated by the FDA. The results showed that this approach could consistently detect low levels of C. cayetanensis contamination in 10 liters of agricultural water, corresponding to the levels that may be found in naturally occurring environmental water sources. The method was also able to detect C. cayetanensis in surface water samples from a specific location in the Mid-Atlantic region. Our data demonstrate the robustness of the method to detect C. cayetanensis in agricultural water samples, which could be very useful to identify environmental sources of contamination.

Studies on the prevalence of giardia cysts and cryptosporidium oocysts in South African water

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kfir ◽  
C. Hilner ◽  
M. du Preez ◽  
B. Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
South African ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
South African Water ◽  
Surface Water Samples ◽  
Giardia Cysts

The levels of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in 650 environmental water samples were investigated. Cysts and oocysts were found in all types of water tested. The presence of Giardia cysts exceeded Cryptosporidium oocysts both in the number per sample and the number of positive samples. Almost 50% of sewage samples studied contained Giardia cysts and 30% contained both Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. Treatment of sewage resulted in a reduction in the percentage of samples containing cysts and/or oocysts (30% of treated effluent samples were positive for Giardia and 25% had both cysts and oocysts). Higher numbers of Giardia cysts were found in surface water samples than in either sewage or treated effluents (55% of surface water samples were positive). However, the number of cysts isolated per surface water sample was lower on average. Most water purification plants showed effective removal of cysts and oocysts. However, 13% of potable water samples contained protozoan parasites, indicating occasional failure of the purification processes and the need for monitoring final treated water.

Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration ofCryptosporidium parvumoocysts from a wide variety of 10-L surface water samples

2002 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 542-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan C Kuhn ◽  
Kevin H Oshima
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Hollow Fiber ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
High Turbidity ◽  
Surface Water Samples ◽  
Better Than

An optimized hollow-fiber ultrafiltration system (50 000 MWCO) was developed to concentrate Cryptosporidium oocysts from 10-L samples of environmental water. Seeded experiments were conducted using a number of surface-water samples from the southwestern U.S.A. and source water from four water districts with histories of poor oocyst recovery. Ultrafiltration produced a mean recovery of 47.9% from 19 water samples (55.3% from 39 individual tests). We also compared oocyst recoveries using the hollow-fiber ultrafiltration system with those using the Envirochek filter. In limited comparison tests, the hollow-fiber ultrafiltration system produced recoveries similar to those of the Envirochek filter (hollow fiber, 74.1% (SD = 2.8); Envirochek, 71.9% (SD = 5.2)) in low-turbidity (3.9 NTU) samples and performed better than the Envirochek filter in high-turbidity (159.0 NTU) samples (hollow fiber, 27.5%; Envirochek, 0.4%). These results indicate that hollow-fiber ultrafiltration can efficiently recover oocysts from a wide variety of surface waters and may be a cost-effective alternative for concentrating Cryptosporidium from water, given the reusable nature of the filter.Key words: Cryptosporidium, ultrafiltration, oocyst.

scholarly journals Exploring the oxidative stress response mechanism triggered by environmental water samples

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1126-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peta A. Neale ◽  
Maud E. S. Achard ◽  
Beate I. Escher ◽  
Frederic D. L. Leusch
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Oxidative Stress Response ◽  
Environmental Water Samples ◽  
Response Mechanism ◽  
Ros Formation ◽  
Surface Water Samples

The oxidative stress response triggered by surface water samples was explored by measuring ROS formation and changes in glutathione concentration.

scholarly journals Assessment of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. as a Microbial Source Tracking Tool for Surface Water: Application in a Mixed-Use Watershed

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (8) ◽  
pp. 2328-2336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Prystajecky ◽  
Peter M. Huck ◽  
Hans Schreier ◽  
Judith L. Isaac-Renton
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Microbial Source Tracking ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Genomic Sequencing ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Surface Water Samples

ABSTRACTKnowledge of host specificity, combined with genomic sequencing ofGiardiaandCryptosporidiumspp., has demonstrated a microbial source tracking (MST) utility for these common waterborne microbes. To explore the source attribution potential of these pathogens, water samples were collected in a mixed rural-urban watershed in the Township of Langley, in southwestern British Columbia (BC), Canada, over a 2-year period.Cryptosporidiumwas detected in 63% of surface water samples at concentrations ranging from no positive detection (NPD) to 20,600 oocysts per 100 liters.Giardiawas detected in 86% of surface water samples at concentrations ranging from NPD to 3,800 cysts per 100 liters of water. Sequencing at the 18S rRNA locus revealed that 50% ofCryptosporidiumsamples and 98% ofGiardiasamples contained species/genotypes (Cryptosporidium) or assemblages (Giardia) that are capable of infecting humans, based on current knowledge of host specificity and taxonomy.Cryptosporidiumgenotyping data were more promising for source tracking potential, due to the greater number of host-adapted (i.e., narrow-host-range) species/genotypes compared toGiardia, since 98% ofGiardiaisolates were zoonotic and the potential host could not be predicted. This report highlights the benefits of parasite genomic sequencing to complement Method 1623 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) and shows thatCryptosporidiumsubtyping for MST purposes is superior to the use ofGiardiasubtyping, based on better detection limits forCryptosporidium-positive samples than forGiardia-positive samples and on greater host specificity amongCryptosporidiumspecies. These additional tools could be used for risk assessment in public health and watershed management decisions.

Occurrence of 1,4-dioxane and MTBE in drinking water sources in Japan

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Simazaki ◽  
M. Asami ◽  
T. Nishimura ◽  
S. Kunikane ◽  
T. Aizawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Standard Value ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Nationwide surveys of 1,4-dioxane and methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) levels in raw water used for the drinking water supply were conducted at 91 water treatment plants in Japan in 2001 and 2002, prior to the revision of the drinking water quality standards. 1,4-dioxane was widely and continuously detected in raw water samples and its occurrence was more frequent and its concentrations higher in groundwater than in surface water. However, its maximum concentration in raw water was much lower than its new standard value (50 μg/L), which was determined as a level of 10−5 excessive cancer risk to humans. Trace levels of MTBE were also detected in several surface water samples.

scholarly journals Development of Surface Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with HPLC Method for the Removal and Detection of Griseofulvin in Surface Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamran Bashir ◽  
Zhimin Luo ◽  
Guoning Chen ◽  
Hua Shu ◽  
Xia Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted ◽  
Imprinted Polymers ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Griseofulvin (GSF) is clinically employed to treat fungal infections in humans and animals. GSF was detected in surface waters as a pharmaceutical pollutant. GSF detection as an anthropogenic pollutant is considered as a possible source of drug resistance and risk factor in ecosystem. To address this concern, a new extraction and enrichment method was developed. GSF-surface molecularly imprinted polymers (GSF-SMIPs) were prepared and applied as solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbent. A dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) method was designed and combined with HPLC for the analysis of GSF in surface water samples. The performance of GSF-SMIPs was assessed for its potential to remove GSF from water samples. The factors affecting the removal efficiency such as sample pH and ionic strength were investigated and optimized. The DSPE conditions such as the amount of GSF-SMIPs, the extraction time, the type and volume of desorption solvents were also optimized. The established method is linear over the range of 0.1–100 µg/mL. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.01 and 0.03 µg/mL respectively. Good recoveries (91.6–98.8%) were achieved after DSPE. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were 0.8 and 4.3% respectively. The SMIPs demonstrated good removal efficiency (91.6%) as compared to powder activated carbon (67.7%). Moreover, the SMIPs can be reused 10 times for water samples. This is an additional advantage over single-use activated carbon and other commercial sorbents. This study provides a specific and sensitive method for the selective extraction and detection of GSF in surface water samples.

Modern nanobiotechnologies for efficient detection and remediation of mercury

Sensor Review ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulayam Singh Gaur ◽  
Rajni Yadav ◽  
Mamta Kushwah ◽  
Anna Nikolaevna Berlina
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Mercury Ions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Efficient Detection ◽  
Sensitivity And Selectivity ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose This information will be useful in the selection of materials and technology for the detection and removal of mercury ions at a low cost and with high sensitivity and selectivity. The purpose of this study is to provide the useful information for selection of materials and technology to detect and remove the mercury ions from water with high sensitivity and selectivity. The purpose of this study is to provide the useful information for selection of materials and technology to detect and remove the mercury ions from water with high sensitivity and selectivity. Design/methodology/approach Different nano- and bio-materials allowed for the development of a variety of biosensors – colorimetric, chemiluminescent, electrochemical, whole-cell and aptasensors – are described. The materials used for their development also make it possible to use them in removing heavy metals, which are toxic contaminants, from environmental water samples. Findings This review focuses on different technologies, tools and materials for mercury (heavy metals) detection and remediation to environmental samples. Originality/value This review gives up-to-date and systemic information on modern nanotechnology methods for heavy metal detection. Different recognition molecules and nanomaterials have been discussed for remediation to water samples. The present review may provide valuable information to researchers regarding novel mercury ions detection sensors and encourage them for further research/development.

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