scholarly journals Some Like It Hot: Evolution and Ecology of Novel Endosymbionts in Bat Flies of Cave-Roosting Bats (Hippoboscoidea, Nycterophiliinae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (24) ◽  
pp. 8639-8649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solon F. Morse ◽  
Carl W. Dick ◽  
Bruce D. Patterson ◽  
Katharina Dittmar
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Environmental Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Bat Flies ◽  
Bacterial Endosymbionts

ABSTRACTWe investigated previously unknown associations between bacterial endosymbionts and bat flies of the subfamily Nycterophiliinae (Diptera, Streblidae). Molecular analyses revealed a novel clade ofGammaproteobacteriainNycterophiliabat flies. This clade was not closely related toArsenophonus-like microbes found in its sister genusPhalconomusand other bat flies. High population infection rates inNycterophiliaacross a wide geographic area, the presence of the symbionts in pupae, the general codivergence between hosts and symbionts, and high AT composition bias in symbiont genes together suggest that this host-symbiont association is obligate in nature and ancient in origin. SomeNycterophiliasamples (14.8%) also containedWolbachiasupergroup F (Alphaproteobacteria), suggesting a facultative symbiosis. Likelihood-based ancestral character mapping revealed that, initially, obligate symbionts exhibited association with host-specificNycterophiliabat flies that use a broad temperature range of cave environments for pupal development. As this mutualism evolved, the temperature range of bat flies narrowed to an exclusive use of hot caves, which was followed by a secondary broadening of the bat flies' host associations. These results suggest that the symbiosis has influenced the environmental tolerance of parasite life history stages. Furthermore, the contingent change to an expanded host range ofNycterophiliabat flies upon narrowing the ecological niche of their developmental stages suggests that altered environmental tolerance across life history stages may be a crucial factor in shaping parasite-host relationships.

Language use, not language, is what develops in childhood and adolescence

2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Bickerton
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Language Evolution ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Acquisition Period ◽  
Causative Factors

That both language and novel life-history stages are unique to humans is an interesting datum. But failure to distinguish between language and language use results in an exaggeration of the language acquisition period, which in turn vitiates claims that new developmental stages were causative factors in language evolution.

scholarly journals Evolution, Multiple Acquisition, and Localization of Endosymbionts in Bat Flies (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea: Streblidae and Nycteribiidae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 2952-2961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solon F. Morse ◽  
Sarah E. Bush ◽  
Bruce D. Patterson ◽  
Carl W. Dick ◽  
Matthew E. Gruwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bat Flies ◽  
Clade C ◽  
Taxonomic Range ◽  
Bat Fly ◽  
Microbial Dna

ABSTRACTBat flies are a diverse clade of obligate ectoparasites on bats. Like most blood-feeding insects, they harbor endosymbiotic prokaryotes, but the origins and nature of these symbioses are still poorly understood. To expand the knowledge of bacterial associates in bat flies, the diversity and evolution of the dominant endosymbionts in six of eight nominal subfamilies of bat flies (Streblidae and Nycteribiidae) were studied. Furthermore, the localization of endosymbionts and their transmission across developmental stages within the family Streblidae were explored. The results show diverse microbial associates in bat flies, with at least four ancestral invasions of distantly related microbial lineages throughout bat fly evolution. Phylogenetic relationships support the presence of at least two novel symbiont lineages (here clades B and D), and extend the geographic and taxonomic range of a previously documented lineage (“CandidatusAschnera chinzeii”; here clade A). Although these lineages show reciprocally monophyletic clusters with several bat fly host clades, their phylogenetic relationships generally do not reflect current bat fly taxonomy or phylogeny. However, within some endosymbiont clades, congruent patterns of symbiont-host divergence are apparent. Other sequences identified in this study fall into the widely distributed, highly invasive, insect-associatedArsenophonuslineage and may be the result of symbiont replacements and/or transient infections (here clade C). Vertical transmission of endosymbionts of clades B and D is supported by fluorescent signal (fluorescentin situhybridization [FISH]) and microbial DNA detection across developmental stages. The fluorescent bacterial signal is consistently localized within structures resembling bacteriomes, although their anatomical position differs by host fly clade. In summary, the results suggest an obligate host-endosymbiont relationship for three of the four known symbiont clades associated with bat flies (clades A, B, and D).

The cells of Nephromyces: developmental stages of a single life cycle

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 3230-3239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Beth Saffo ◽  
Rebecca Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Microbial Cells ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Single Organism ◽  
Taxonomic Relations

Nephromyces Giard is a diverse collection of funguslike microbial cells, endosymbiotic in the ductless renal sac of molgulid ascidian tunicates (phylum Chordata). Though Giard considered Nephromyces a Chytridiomycete, the taxonomic affinities of these peculiar cells remain uncertain. In Molgula manhattensis DeKay, at least seven Nephromyces cell types can be distinguished. Despite their diverse appearance, these cell types are not separate taxa, but instead are separate life-history stages of a single organism. Developmental roles for these life-history stages are discussed, as are the possible taxonomic relations of Nephromyces. A new Nephromyces cell, a motile but nonflagellated infective stage, is described. The experiments reported here confirm earlier suggestions that the molgulid renal sac is not merely the site of an occasional or random microbial infection. Instead, this organ is the locus of an exclusive, presumably coevolved, association between two taxa: Nephromyces and the tunicate family Molgulidae.

Developmental shifts in functional morphology of the retina in Atlantic tarpon, Megalops atlanticus (Elopomorpha: Teleostei) between four ecologically distinct life-history stages

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
SCOTT M. TAYLOR ◽  
ELLIS. R. LOEW ◽  
MICHAEL S. GRACE
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Piscivorous Fish ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Megalops Atlanticus ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Stage Juvenile ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Atlantic Tarpon

AbstractThe Atlantic tarpon, Megalops atlanticus, is a large piscivorous fish that supports economically important recreational fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and Florida Atlantic coast. Megalops atlanticus undergoes ontogenetic shifts in morphology, hatching in the open ocean as larvae (less than 1 cm in length), moving into hypoxic turbid mangrove marshes as juveniles (around 10 cm in length), and then moving into coastal oceanic waters as adults (over 100 cm in length). In this study, photoreceptor distributions, opsin distributions, and photoreceptor absorbance characteristics were studied with light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, antiopsin immunofluorescence, and microspectrophotometry, respectively, at four ecologically distinct life-history stages—premetamorphic larva, settlement stage, juvenile, and adult. The purposes of this study were 1) to determine the extent to which the retina of M. atlanticus changes over the course of development and 2) to relate these retinal changes with ecological shifts between developmental stages. The new data presented here indicate that the M. atlanticus retina changes substantially in rod and cone distributions and absorbance characteristics over the course of development and that these changes correlate closely with those in habitat and behavior. We show that M. atlanticus has a rod-dominated retina at the larval stage (which is unusual for teleost larvae) and that the scotopic visual system becomes far better developed with maturity, adding a substantial tapetum and high densities of small, bundled, and stacked rod cells. We also show that there are shifts in cone and rod spectral sensitivities and an increase in the diversity of spectrally distinct cone classes, including the addition of ultraviolet cones as fish mature into adults.

Larvae and Pelagic Juveniles of Blackgill Rockfish, Sebastes melanostomus, Taken in Midwater Trawls off Southern California and Baja California

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 981-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Geoffrey Moser ◽  
Elbert H. Ahlstrom
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Midwater Trawl ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Coastal Basins ◽  
Pelagic Juveniles

Examination of 217 midwater trawl samples from the coastal basins off southern California and Baja California revealed a recurring group of rockfish species. The late larvae and pelagic juveniles of the blackgill rockfish, Sebastes melanostomus, constituted 16% of the total number of rockfish specimens. The life-history stages of this species are described, with emphasis on the pelagic juvenile stage. Late stage larvae and pelagic juveniles develop a distinctive pattern of melanophore bands which, by disrupting the body outline, may help conceal the young during their midwater existence. Evidence from midwater trawl collections suggests that 30-mm pelagic juveniles migrate or are carried shoreward at a depth of ~ 200 m to the appropriate habitat for settling. The high relative abundance of blackgill rockfish pelagic juveniles in midwater trawl samples suggests that this species may represent a potential resource. Key words: blackgill rockfish, Sebastes melanostomus, larvae, pelagic juveniles, midwater trawls, developmental stages, melanophore patterns, life-history strategy, head-spine development

scholarly journals Dynamic transcriptome and histomorphology analysis of developmental traits of hindlimb thigh muscle from Odorrana tormota and its adaptability to different life history stages

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilin Shu ◽  
Jun He ◽  
Huijuan Zhang ◽  
Guangxuan Liu ◽  
Shikun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Related Substances ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Developmental Traits

Abstract Background Systematic studies on the development and adaptation of hindlimb muscles in anura amphibians are rare. Here, we integrated analysis of transcriptome and histomorphological data for the hindlimb thigh muscle of Odorrana tormota (concave-eared torrent frog) at different developmental stages, to uncover the developmental traits of hindlimb thigh muscle from O. tormota and its adaptability to different life history stages. Results The development of hindlimb thigh muscle from O. tormota has the following characteristics. Before metamorphosis, myogenous cells proliferate and differentiate into myotubes, and form 11 muscle groups at G41; Primary myofibers and secondary myofibers appeared during metamorphosis; 11 muscle groups differentiated continuously to form myofibers, accompanied by myofibers hypertrophy after metamorphosis; During the growth process of O. tormota from G42 to G46, there were differences between the sexes in the muscle groups that differentiate into muscle fibers, indicating that there was sexual dimorphism in the hindlimb thigh muscles of O. tormota at the metamorphosis stages. Some genes and pathways related to growth, development, and movement ability of O. tormota at different developmental stages were obtained. In addition, some pathways associated with adaptation to metamorphosis and hibernation also were enriched. Furthermore, integrated analysis of the number of myofibers and transcriptome data suggested that myofibers of specific muscle groups in the hindlimbs may be degraded through lysosome and ubiquitin pathways to transform into energy metabolism and other energy-related substances to meet the physiological needs of hibernation. Conclusions These results provide further understanding the hindlimb thigh muscle development pattern of frogs and their adaption to life history stages.

Regional tourism at the farmers’ market: consumers’ preferences for local food products

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Garner ◽  
Cesar Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Area ◽  
Farmers Markets ◽  
Farmers Market ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Regional Food ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Regional Brand ◽  
Consumer Habits ◽  
Food Identity ◽  
Number Of Customers

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine farmers’ market consumer behavior through a regional food and culinary tourism lens to see the ways these festive and atmospheric markets can be used to develop a regional brand or identity surrounding food production. Design/methodology/approach This study was based on a survey of 270 participants in a farmers’ market in the USA. A combination of descriptive and statistical analyses was used to analyze consumer habits and spending. Findings The findings in this study suggest that while most of the customers live in a town where the market is located, a significant number of customers come from other locations, with some traveling significant distances, to participate in this market, particularly for the Saturday market. Many of the customers come to purchase organic and local foods. Research limitations/implications This work is limited, in that it is a case study at one farmers’ market in the USA, and the work is exploratory in nature. Practical implications This work has implications for market managers seeking to increase their consumer base. Markets that want to increase their reach would do well to promote their events to a wider geographic area. The results presented here showed that consumers are willing to drive upward of 40 miles to attend a high-quality market. Originality/value This work expands our conceptualization of farmers’ markets by suggesting that these markets have the potential to form the backbone of a region is food identity through the creation of a food destination.

BIOLOGY OF TACHINAEPHAGUS ZEALANDICUS (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), PARASITOID OF SYNANTHROPIC DIPTERA

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (8) ◽  
pp. 785-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Olton ◽  
E. F. Legner
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Pupal Parasitoid ◽  
History Of ◽  
Parasitoid Development

AbstractThe synonymy, distribution, host range, and life history of the gregarious larval–pupal parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead, is discussed. Laboratory studies of its biology were conducted at 25° ± 2 °C using Musca domestica L. as host. Its developmental stages are described. Under laboratory conditions its life cycle lasted 23–27 days. Parasitoid development accelerated with higher average densities per host. Single standardized hosts produced 3–18 adult parasitoids. Mated females provided with hosts lived 50.4–67.2 h. The average length of the reproductive period and number of hosts parasitized were independent of host density; however, the average number of eggs deposited per host increased at lower host densities. Adult emergence displayed circadian rhythmicity independent of photoperiod over 3+ days.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document