Laundry Hygiene and Odor Control – State of the Science

Laundering of textiles – clothing, linens, cleaning cloths - functionally removes dirt and bodily fluids which, prevent the transmission and re-exposure to pathogens as well as odor control. Thus, proper laundering is key to controlling microbes that cause illness and produce odors. The practice of laundering varies from region to region and is influenced by culture and resources. This review aims to define laundering as a series of steps that influence the exposure of the person processing the laundry to pathogens – with respect to the removal and control of pathogens and odor causing bacteria, while taking into consideration the types of textiles. Defining laundering in this manner will help better educate the consumer, highlight areas where more research is needed, and how to maximize products and resources. Control of microorganisms during laundering involves mechanical (agitation, soaking), chemical (detergent, bleach), and physical processes (detergent, temperature). Temperature plays the most important role in terms of pathogen control, requiring temperatures exceeding 40°C to 60°C for proper inactivation. While detergents play a role in reducing the microbial load of laundering through release of microbes attached to fabrics and inactivation of microbes sensitive to detergents (e.g. enveloped viruses). The use of additives (enzymes) and bleach (chlorine, activated oxygen) become essential in washes with temperatures below 20°C, especially for certain enteric viruses and bacteria. A structured approach is needed which identifies all the steps in the laundering process and attempts to identify each step relative to its importance to infection risk and odor production.

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Nonlinear Analysis and Control of Physical Processes and Fields

10.1007/978-3-642-18770-4 ◽

2004 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

M. Z. Zgurovsky ◽

V. S. Mel’nik

Keyword(s):

Nonlinear Analysis ◽

Physical Processes ◽

And Control

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Inactivation of Enveloped Viruses in Human Bodily Fluids by Purified Lipids

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38947.x ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 724 (1 Slow Infectio) ◽

pp. 457-464 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

CHARLES E. ISAACS ◽

KWANG KIMS ◽

HALLDOR THORMAR

Keyword(s):

Enveloped Viruses ◽

Bodily Fluids

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Measuring innovation: A state of the science review of existing approaches

Intangible Capital ◽

10.3926/ic.1254 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 409 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Philipp Ter Haar

Keyword(s):

Work Team ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Individual Level ◽

Process Indicators ◽

Country Level ◽

Key Characteristics ◽

Definition Of ◽

State Of The Science ◽

Structured Approach ◽

Level Of Analysis

Purpose: The level of innovation is essential for a company’s or country’s competitive advantage and the ways to measure innovation are manifold. The review aims to give an overview over the continuously growing body on approaches to measure innovation.Design/methodology/approach: A new definition of innovation measuring is proposed. Based on this definition a structured approach for researching the literature was applied. A selection of 30 advances is discussed and a 4-level-of-analysis-framework is applied to review the broad research on measuring innovation on individual, work team, company and country level.Findings: The narrative review shows that specific measuring frameworks exists for each level of analysis. Output oriented indicators can be found on all levels, they are complemented by potential enablers on country level, process indicators on company and project level and behavioural indicators on individual level. Approaches specifically focussing on work teams could not be found.Research limitations/implications: Further research is needed on specific advances on measuring innovation on work-team level.Practical implications: By discussing key characteristics of the reviewed studies, the analysis will help decision makers to choose a fitting approach and support researchers by identifying open fields of research. It is recommended to research on advances to measure innovation on work team level to close the existing gap.Originality/value: While influences on innovation are extensively discussed a comprehensive overview over the approaches to identify the effects of modifying these influences is missing. This paper intends to closes this gap.

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An Introduction to Major Incident Management

10.1093/med/9780199238088.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Ian Greaves ◽

Paul Hunt

Keyword(s):

Emergency Services ◽

Major Incident ◽

Incident Management ◽

Roles And Responsibilities ◽

Communication Assessment ◽

Major Incidents ◽

And Control ◽

Structured Approach ◽

Mass Fatalities

Chapter 1 covers information on what a major incident is, definitions and classifications including chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN), special arrangements, historical and recent major incidents, mass fatalities, the Civil Contingencies Act 2004, nomenclature, and the Joint Emergency Services Inter-operability Programme (JESIP). The phases and objectives of a response to a major incident are described. This chapter also outlines the generic structured approach including command and control, safety (including zones and cordons), communication, assessment, triage and categorization systems, casualty treatment, roles and responsibilities, and casualty transportation.

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Direct Digital Additive Manufacturing and Cyber-Enabled Manufacturing Systems

ASME/ISCIE 2012 International Symposium on Flexible Automation ◽

10.1115/isfa2012-7269 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Khershed P. Cooper

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Manufacturing Systems ◽

Complex Geometry ◽

Basic Research ◽

Naval Research ◽

Physical Processes ◽

Physical Systems ◽

Office Of Naval Research ◽

And Control ◽

Manufacturing Problems

The technology of direct digital additive manufacturing (D2AM) has received considerable attention in recent months. Several government agencies and commercial interests are planning to explore D2AM to find solutions to manufacturing problems. The attraction of D2AM is the benefit of rapidly producing without fixtures or tools or human intervention customized objects of complex geometry not possible by traditional methods. The interest in D2AM ranges from fabrication of critical, high value aerospace metallic components to fabrication of objects having an organic look or as nature would have intendedi. For D2AM to be commercially accepted, it must reliably and predictably make products. It must achieve consistency in reproducibility across relevant D2AM methods. The Office of Naval Research (ONR) has launched a new basic research program, known as Cyber-enabled Manufacturing Systems (CeMS). The long-range goal of the program is to achieve the level of control over D2AM processes for industrial acceptance and wide-use of the technology. This program will develop measuring, sensing and control models and algorithms for D2AM by harnessing principles underpinning cyber-physical systems (CPS) and fundamentals of physical processes. This paper describes the challenges facing D2AM and the CeMS program goals to meet them.

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Network-based vaccination improves prospects for disease control in wild chimpanzees

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2014.0349 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (97) ◽

pp. 20140349 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Julie Rushmore ◽

Damien Caillaud ◽

Richard J. Hall ◽

Rebecca M. Stumpf ◽

Lauren Ancel Meyers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Vaccination Strategy ◽

Pathogen Transmission ◽

Wild Chimpanzee ◽

Contact Rates ◽

Individual Traits ◽

Pathogen Control ◽

Wildlife Populations ◽

And Control ◽

Biological Differences

Many endangered wildlife populations are vulnerable to infectious diseases for which vaccines exist; yet, pragmatic considerations often preclude large-scale vaccination efforts. These barriers could be reduced by focusing on individuals with the highest contact rates. However, the question then becomes whether targeted vaccination is sufficient to prevent large outbreaks. To evaluate the efficacy of targeted wildlife vaccinations, we simulate pathogen transmission and control on monthly association networks informed by behavioural data from a wild chimpanzee community (Kanyawara N = 37, Kibale National Park, Uganda). Despite considerable variation across monthly networks, our simulations indicate that targeting the most connected individuals can prevent large outbreaks with up to 35% fewer vaccines than random vaccination. Transmission heterogeneities might be attributed to biological differences among individuals (e.g. sex, age, dominance and family size). Thus, we also evaluate the effectiveness of a trait-based vaccination strategy, as trait data are often easier to collect than interaction data. Our simulations indicate that a trait-based strategy can prevent large outbreaks with up to 18% fewer vaccines than random vaccination, demonstrating that individual traits can serve as effective estimates of connectivity. Overall, these results suggest that fine-scale behavioural data can help optimize pathogen control efforts for endangered wildlife.

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BALANCING COMMUNITY ODOR CONTROL DEMANDS WITH INNOVATION IN ODOR ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES

Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation ◽

10.2175/193864704784327296 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 2004 (3) ◽

pp. 394-408

Author(s):

Jay R. Witherspoon ◽

Jeff Mann ◽

Josef Cesca ◽

Jennifer Barnes ◽

Eleanor Allen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Control Strategies ◽

Odor Control ◽

And Control

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In vitro identification and control of Pestalotiopsis longisetula fungus, pathogens strawberry crop

Revista Agrogeoambiental ◽

10.18406/2316-1817v7n32015595 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Manoel Araujo Teixeira ◽

Rúbia Marcia Siqueira Martins ◽

Rosana Faria Vieira ◽

Carlos Ivan Aguilar Vildoso ◽

Angélica Aparecida Vieira Adami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Present Experiment ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Pathogen Identification ◽

The South ◽

Biological Products ◽

The Past ◽

Minas Gerais State ◽

Pathogen Control ◽

And Control

Over the past seven years, pestalotiopsis has been the main strawberry disease found all over the crops located in the south of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The leaves of the plants were severely attacked by an uncommon fungus in the regional crops, mainly in 2005 and 2006. The non-immediate identification of the microorganism resulted in catastrophic pathogen control processes performed by farmers who, eagerly trying to save their crops ended up using a series of toxic agrochemicals that had been previously purchased for the control of other types of diseases. Due to these events, the present paper aims at identifying the pathogen and put chemical as well as biological products into test that might help control the disease. Results showed that no fungicide under test in the present experiment was able to inhibit the isolate at a 100% rate, even under in vitro conditions. Pathogen identification revealed a fungi known as Pestalotiopsis longisetula.

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