scholarly journals RNA–Stable-Isotope Probing Shows Utilization of Carbon from Inulin by Specific Bacterial Populations in the Rat Large Bowel

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 2240-2247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald W. Tannock ◽  
Blair Lawley ◽  
Karen Munro ◽  
Ian M. Sims ◽  
Julian Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Buoyant Density ◽  
Stable Isotope Probing ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACTKnowledge of the trophisms that underpin bowel microbiota composition is required in order to understand its complex phylogeny and function. Stable-isotope (13C)-labeled inulin was added to the diet of rats on a single occasion in order to detect utilization of inulin-derived substrates by particular members of the cecal microbiota. Cecal digesta from Fibruline-inulin-fed rats was collected prior to (0 h) and at 6, 12, 18 and 24 h following provision of the [13C]inulin diet. RNA was extracted from these cecal specimens and fractionated in isopycnic buoyant density gradients in order to detect13C-labeled nucleic acid originating in bacterial cells that had metabolized the labeled dietary constituent. RNA extracted from specimens collected after provision of the labeled diet was more dense than 0-h RNA. Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes amplified from cDNA obtained from these fractions showed thatBacteroides uniformis,Blautia glucerasea,Clostridium indolis, andBifidobacterium animaliswere the main users of the13C-labeled substrate. Culture-based studies of strains of these bacterial species enabled trophisms associated with inulin and its hydrolysis products to be identified.B. uniformisutilized Fibruline-inulin for growth, whereas the other species used fructo-oligosaccharide and monosaccharides. Thus, RNA–stable-isotope probing (RNA-SIP) provided new information about the use of carbon from inulin in microbiota metabolism.

scholarly journals Active Ammonia Oxidizers in an Acidic Soil Are Phylogenetically Closely Related to Neutrophilic Archaeon

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 1684-1691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baozhan Wang ◽  
Yan Zheng ◽  
Rong Huang ◽  
Xue Zhou ◽  
Dongmei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Buoyant Density ◽  
Stable Isotope Probing ◽  
Acidic Soil ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Metabolic Versatility

ABSTRACTAll cultivated ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) within theNitrososphaeracluster (former soil group 1.1b) are neutrophilic. Molecular surveys also indicate the existence ofNitrososphaera-like phylotypes in acidic soil, but their ecological roles are poorly understood. In this study, we present molecular evidence for the chemolithoautotrophic growth ofNitrososphaera-like AOA in an acidic soil with pH 4.92 using DNA-based stable isotope probing (SIP). Soil microcosm incubations demonstrated that nitrification was stimulated by urea fertilization and accompanied by a significant increase in the abundance of AOA rather than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Real-time PCR analysis ofamoAgenes as a function of the buoyant density of the DNA gradient following the ultracentrifugation of the total DNA extracted from SIP microcosms indicated a substantial growth of soil AOA during nitrification. Pyrosequencing of the total 16S rRNA genes in the “heavy” DNA fractions suggested that archaeal communities were labeled to a much greater extent than soil AOB. Acetylene inhibition further showed that13CO2assimilation by nitrifying communities depended solely on ammonia oxidation activity, suggesting a chemolithoautotrophic lifestyle. Phylogenetic analysis of both13C-labeledamoAand 16S rRNA genes revealed that most of the active AOA were phylogenetically closely related to the neutrophilic strainsNitrososphaera viennensisEN76 and JG1 within theNitrososphaeracluster. Our results provide strong evidence for the adaptive growth ofNitrososphaera-like AOA in acidic soil, suggesting a greater metabolic versatility of soil AOA than previously appreciated.

scholarly journals Microbiome Data Distinguish Patients with Clostridium difficile Infection and Non-C. difficile-Associated Diarrhea from Healthy Controls

mBio ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyxandria M. Schubert ◽  
Mary A. M. Rogers ◽  
Cathrin Ring ◽  
Jill Mogle ◽  
Joseph P. Petrosino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Colonization Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Community Types ◽  
Microbiome Data

ABSTRACTAntibiotic usage is the most commonly cited risk factor for hospital-acquiredClostridium difficileinfections (CDI). The increased risk is due to disruption of the indigenous microbiome and a subsequent decrease in colonization resistance by the perturbed bacterial community; however, the specific changes in the microbiome that lead to increased risk are poorly understood. We developed statistical models that incorporated microbiome data with clinical and demographic data to better understand why individuals develop CDI. The 16S rRNA genes were sequenced from the feces of 338 individuals, including cases, diarrheal controls, and nondiarrheal controls. We modeled CDI and diarrheal status using multiple clinical variables, including age, antibiotic use, antacid use, and other known risk factors using logit regression. This base model was compared to models that incorporated microbiome data, using diversity metrics, community types, or specific bacterial populations, to identify characteristics of the microbiome associated with CDI susceptibility or resistance. The addition of microbiome data significantly improved our ability to distinguish CDI status when comparing cases or diarrheal controls to nondiarrheal controls. However, only when we assigned samples to community types was it possible to differentiate cases from diarrheal controls. Several bacterial species within theRuminococcaceae,Lachnospiraceae,Bacteroides, andPorphyromonadaceaewere largely absent in cases and highly associated with nondiarrheal controls. The improved discriminatory ability of our microbiome-based models confirms the theory that factors affecting the microbiome influence CDI.IMPORTANCEThe gut microbiome, composed of the trillions of bacteria residing in the gastrointestinal tract, is responsible for a number of critical functions within the host. These include digestion, immune system stimulation, and colonization resistance. The microbiome’s role in colonization resistance, which is the ability to prevent and limit pathogen colonization and growth, is key for protection againstClostridium difficileinfections. However, the bacteria that are important for colonization resistance have not yet been elucidated. Using statistical modeling techniques and different representations of the microbiome, we demonstrated that several community types and the loss of several bacterial populations, includingBacteroides,Lachnospiraceae, andRuminococcaceae, are associated with CDI. Our results emphasize the importance of considering the microbiome in mediating colonization resistance and may also direct the design of future multispecies probiotic therapies.

scholarly journals Stable-Isotope Probing Identifies Uncultured Planctomycetes as Primary Degraders of a Complex Heteropolysaccharide in Soil

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (14) ◽  
pp. 4607-4615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqing Wang ◽  
Christine E. Sharp ◽  
Gareth M. Jones ◽  
Stephen E. Grasby ◽  
Allyson L. Brady ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Stable Isotope Probing ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Aerobic Soil

ABSTRACTThe exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by some bacteria are potential growth substrates for other bacteria in soil. We used stable-isotope probing (SIP) to identify aerobic soil bacteria that assimilated the cellulose produced byGluconacetobacter xylinusor the EPS produced byBeijerinckia indica. The latter is a heteropolysaccharide comprised primarily ofl-guluronic acid,d-glucose, andd-glycero-d-mannoheptose.13C-labeled EPS and13C-labeled cellulose were purified from bacterial cultures grown on [13C]glucose. Two soils were incubated with these substrates, and bacteria actively assimilating them were identified via pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes recovered from13C-labeled DNA. Cellulose C was assimilated primarily by soil bacteria closely related (93 to 100% 16S rRNA gene sequence identities) to known cellulose-degrading bacteria. However,B. indicaEPS was assimilated primarily by bacteria with low identities (80 to 95%) to known species, particularly by different members of the phylumPlanctomycetes. In one incubation, members of thePlanctomycetesmade up >60% of all reads in the labeled DNA and were only distantly related (<85% identity) to any described species. Although it is impossible with SIP to completely distinguish primary polysaccharide hydrolyzers from bacteria growing on produced oligo- or monosaccharides, the predominance ofPlanctomycetessuggested that they were primary degraders of EPS. Other bacteria assimilatingB. indicaEPS included members of theVerrucomicrobia, candidate division OD1, and theArmatimonadetes. The results indicate that some uncultured bacteria in soils may be adapted to using complex heteropolysaccharides for growth and suggest that the use of these substrates may provide a means for culturing new species.

scholarly journals Active Soil Nitrifying Communities Revealed by In Situ Transcriptomics and Microcosm-Based Stable-Isotope Probing

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Wei Xia ◽  
Jun Zhao ◽  
Yan Zheng ◽  
Hui-Min Zhang ◽  
Jia-Bao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Stable Isotope Probing ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria

ABSTRACT Long-term nitrogen field fertilization often results in significant changes in nitrifying communities that catalyze a key step in the global N cycle. However, whether microcosm studies are able to inform the dynamic changes in communities of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) under field conditions remains poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the transcriptional activities of nitrifying communities under in situ conditions, and we found that they were largely similar to those of 13C-labeled nitrifying communities in the urea-amended microcosms of soils that had received different N fertilization regimens for 22 years. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and transcripts suggested that Nitrosospira cluster 3-like AOB and Nitrososphaera viennensis-like AOA were significantly stimulated in N-fertilized fresh soils. Real-time quantitative PCR demonstrated that the significant increase of AOA and AOB in fresh soils upon nitrogen fertilization could be preserved in the air-dried soils. DNA-based stable-isotope probing (SIP) further revealed the greatest labeling of Nitrosospira cluster 3-like AOB and Nitrosospira viennensis-like AOA, despite the strong advantage of AOB over AOA in the N-fertilized soils. Nitrobacter-like nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) played more important roles than Nitrospira-like NOB in urea-amended SIP microcosms, while the situation was the opposite under field conditions. Our results suggest that long-term fertilization selected for physiologically versatile AOB and AOA that could have been adapted to a wide range of substrate ammonium concentrations. It also provides compelling evidence that the dominant communities of transcriptionally active nitrifiers under field conditions were largely similar to those revealed in 13C-labeled microcosms. IMPORTANCE The role of manipulated microcosms in microbial ecology has been much debated, because they cannot entirely represent the in situ situation. We collected soil samples from 20 field plots, including 5 different treatments with and without nitrogen fertilizers for 22 years, in order to assess active nitrifying communities by in situ transcriptomics and microcosm-based stable-isotope probing. The results showed that chronic N enrichment led to competitive advantages of Nitrosospira cluster 3-like AOB over N. viennensis-like AOA in soils under field conditions. Microcosm labeling revealed similar results for active AOA and AOB, although an apparent discrepancy was observed for nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. This study suggests that the soil microbiome represents a relatively stable community resulting from complex evolutionary processes over a large time scale, and microcosms can serve as powerful tools to test the theory of environmental filtering on the key functional microbial guilds.

scholarly journals Biphenyl-Metabolizing Bacteria in the Rhizosphere of Horseradish and Bulk Soil Contaminated by Polychlorinated Biphenyls as Revealed by Stable Isotope Probing

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (20) ◽  
pp. 6471-6477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ondrej Uhlik ◽  
Katerina Jecna ◽  
Martina Mackova ◽  
Cestmir Vlcek ◽  
Miluse Hroudova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Stable Isotope Probing ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Α Subunits

ABSTRACT DNA-based stable isotope probing in combination with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism was used in order to identify members of the microbial community that metabolize biphenyl in the rhizosphere of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) cultivated in soil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) compared to members of the microbial community in initial, uncultivated bulk soil. On the basis of early and recurrent detection of their 16S rRNA genes in clone libraries constructed from [13C]DNA, Hydrogenophaga spp. appeared to dominate biphenyl catabolism in the horseradish rhizosphere soil, whereas Paenibacillus spp. were the predominant biphenyl-utilizing bacteria in the initial bulk soil. Other bacteria found to derive carbon from biphenyl in this nutrient-amended microcosm-based study belonged mostly to the class Betaproteobacteria and were identified as Achromobacter spp., Variovorax spp., Methylovorus spp., or Methylophilus spp. Some bacteria that were unclassified at the genus level were also detected, and these bacteria may be members of undescribed genera. The deduced amino acid sequences of the biphenyl dioxygenase α subunits (BphA) from bacteria that incorporated [13C]into DNA in 3-day incubations of the soils with [13C]biphenyl are almost identical to that of Pseudomonas alcaligenes B-357. This suggests that the spectrum of the PCB congeners that can be degraded by these enzymes may be similar to that of strain B-357. These results demonstrate that altering the soil environment can result in the participation of different bacteria in the metabolism of biphenyl.

scholarly journals Distinctive Microbial Community Structure in Highly Stratified Deep-Sea Brine Water Columns

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 3425-3437 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bougouffa ◽  
J. K. Yang ◽  
O. O. Lee ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
Z. Batang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Deep Sea Water ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Red Sea Rift ◽  
Group I

ABSTRACTAtlantis II and Discovery are two hydrothermal and hypersaline deep-sea pools in the Red Sea rift that are characterized by strong thermohalo-stratification and temperatures steadily peaking near the bottom. We conducted comprehensive vertical profiling of the microbial populations in both pools and highlighted the influential environmental factors. Pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA genes revealed shifts in community structures vis-à-vis depth. High diversity and low abundance were features of the deepest convective layers despite the low cell density. Surprisingly, the brine interfaces had significantly higher cell counts than the overlying deep-sea water, yet they were lowest in diversity. Vertical stratification of the bacterial populations was apparent as we moved from theAlphaproteobacteria-dominated deep sea to thePlanctomycetaceae- orDeferribacteres-dominated interfaces to theGammaproteobacteria-dominated brine layers. Archaeal marine group I was dominant in the deep-sea water and interfaces, while several euryarchaeotic groups increased in the brine. Across sites, microbial phylotypes and abundances varied substantially in the brine interface of Discovery compared with Atlantis II, despite the near-identical populations in the overlying deep-sea waters. The lowest convective layers harbored interestingly similar microbial communities, even though temperature and heavy metal concentrations were very different. Multivariate analysis indicated that temperature and salinity were the major influences shaping the communities. The harsh conditions and the low-abundance phylotypes could explain the observed correlation in the brine pools.

scholarly journals Origin and Diversity of Metabolically Active Gut Bacteria from Laboratory-Bred Larvae of Manduca sexta (Sphingidae, Lepidoptera, Insecta)

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (23) ◽  
pp. 7189-7196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Brinkmann ◽  
Rainer Martens ◽  
Christoph C. Tebbe
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Stable Isotope Probing ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
Active Bacteria

ABSTRACT Cultivation-independent analyses based on genetic profiling of partial bacterial 16S rRNA genes by PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP), reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR-SSCP of the 16S rRNA itself, and stable isotope probing (SIP), followed by RT-PCR-SSCP, were applied to characterize the diversity of metabolically active bacteria in the larval gut of Manduca sexta bred on tobacco leaves under greenhouse conditions. For SIP, hatching larvae were fed with leaves from tobacco plants grown in a 13CO2-enriched atmosphere. Dominant SSCP bands were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. Only one major gut colonizer, an Enterococcus relative, was detected; it occurred in the heavy RNA fraction, demonstrating its metabolic activity, and it originated from eggs, where its metabolic activity was also indicated by rRNA-based SSCP profiles. In contrast, a Citrobacter sedlakii relative was detected on eggs by DNA-SSCP, but rRNA-SSCP and SIP-rRNA-SSCP were negative, suggesting that these bacterial cells were inactive. A Burkholderia relative was dominant and metabolically active on the tobacco leaves but inactive inside the gut, where it was also quantitatively reduced, as suggested by lower band intensities in the DNA-based SSCP profiles. SIP-RNA-SSCP detected another metabolically active gut bacterium (Enterobacter sp.) and more bacteria in the light RNA fraction, indicating low or no metabolic activity of the latter inside the gut. We conclude that the larval gut supported only a low diversity of metabolically active bacteria.

scholarly journals Alpha- and Gammaproteobacterial Methanotrophs Codominate the Active Methane-Oxidizing Communities in an Acidic Boreal Peat Bog

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 2363-2371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlin C. Esson ◽  
Xueju Lin ◽  
Deepak Kumaresan ◽  
Jeffrey P. Chanton ◽  
J. Colin Murrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Stable Isotope Probing ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Methane Consumption ◽  
Field Samples

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to characterize metabolically active, aerobic methanotrophs in an ombrotrophic peatland in the Marcell Experimental Forest, in Minnesota. Methanotrophs were investigated in the field and in laboratory incubations using DNA-stable isotope probing (SIP), expression studies on particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoA) genes, and amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Potential rates of oxidation ranged from 14 to 17 μmol of CH4g dry weight soil−1day−1. Within DNA-SIP incubations, the relative abundance of methanotrophs increased from 4%in situto 25 to 36% after 8 to 14 days. Phylogenetic analysis of the13C-enriched DNA fractions revealed that the active methanotrophs were dominated by the generaMethylocystis(type II;Alphaproteobacteria),Methylomonas, andMethylovulum(both, type I;Gammaproteobacteria). In field samples, a transcript-to-gene ratio of 1 to 2 was observed forpmoAin surface peat layers, which attenuated rapidly with depth, indicating that the highest methane consumption was associated with a depth of 0 to 10 cm. Metagenomes and sequencing of cDNApmoAamplicons from field samples confirmed that the dominant active methanotrophs wereMethylocystisandMethylomonas. Although type II methanotrophs have long been shown to mediate methane consumption in peatlands, our results indicate that members of the generaMethylomonasandMethylovulum(type I) can significantly contribute to aerobic methane oxidation in these ecosystems.

scholarly journals Arctic tundra soil bacterial communities active at subzero temperatures detected by stable isotope probing

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Preshita S Gadkari ◽  
Lora R McGuinness ◽  
Minna K Männistö ◽  
Lee J Kerkhof ◽  
Max M Häggblom
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Arctic Tundra ◽  
Stable Isotope Probing ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Subzero Temperature ◽  
Tundra Soil ◽  
Arctic Soils ◽  
Subzero Temperatures

ABSTRACT Arctic soils store vast amounts of carbon and are subject to intense climate change. While the effects of thaw on the composition and activities of Arctic tundra microorganisms has been examined extensively, little is known about the consequences of temperature fluctuations within the subzero range in seasonally frozen or permafrost soils. This study identified tundra soil bacteria active at subzero temperatures using stable isotope probing (SIP). Soils from Kilpisjärvi, Finland, were amended with 13C-cellobiose and incubated at 0, −4 and −16°C for up to 40 weeks. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of 13C-labelled DNA revealed distinct subzero-active bacterial taxa. The SIP experiments demonstrated that diverse bacteria, including members of Candidatus Saccharibacteria, Melioribacteraceae, Verrucomicrobiaceae, Burkholderiaceae, Acetobacteraceae, Armatimonadaceae and Planctomycetaceae, were capable of synthesising 13C-DNA at subzero temperatures. Differences in subzero temperature optima were observed, for example, with members of Oxalobacteraceae and Rhizobiaceae found to be more active at 0°C than at −4°C or −16°C, whereas Melioribacteriaceae were active at all subzero temperatures tested. Phylogeny of 13C-labelled 16S rRNA genes from the Melioribacteriaceae, Verrucomicrobiaceae and Candidatus Saccharibacteria suggested that these taxa formed subzero-active clusters closely related to members from other cryo-environments. This study demonstrates that subzero temperatures impact active bacterial community composition and activity, which may influence biogeochemical cycles.

scholarly journals Impact of plants on the diversity and activity of methylotrophs in soil

Microbiome ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Macey ◽  
Jennifer Pratscher ◽  
Andrew T. Crombie ◽  
J. Colin Murrell
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Molecular Probes ◽  
Stable Isotope Probing ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Methylotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Plant Exudates

Abstract Background Methanol is the second most abundant volatile organic compound in the atmosphere, with the majority produced as a metabolic by-product during plant growth. There is a large disparity between the estimated amount of methanol produced by plants and the amount which escapes to the atmosphere. This may be due to utilisation of methanol by plant-associated methanol-consuming bacteria (methylotrophs). The use of molecular probes has previously been effective in characterising the diversity of methylotrophs within the environment. Here, we developed and applied molecular probes in combination with stable isotope probing to identify the diversity, abundance and activity of methylotrophs in bulk and in plant-associated soils. Results Application of probes for methanol dehydrogenase genes (mxaF, xoxF, mdh2) in bulk and plant-associated soils revealed high levels of diversity of methylotrophic bacteria within the bulk soil, including Hyphomicrobium, Methylobacterium and members of the Comamonadaceae. The community of methylotrophic bacteria captured by this sequencing approach changed following plant growth. This shift in methylotrophic diversity was corroborated by identification of the active methylotrophs present in the soils by DNA stable isotope probing using 13C-labelled methanol. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes and construction of metagenomes from the 13C-labelled DNA revealed members of the Methylophilaceae as highly abundant and active in all soils examined. There was greater diversity of active members of the Methylophilaceae and Comamonadaceae and of the genus Methylobacterium in plant-associated soils compared to the bulk soil. Incubating growing pea plants in a 13CO2 atmosphere revealed that several genera of methylotrophs, as well as heterotrophic genera within the Actinomycetales, assimilated plant exudates in the pea rhizosphere. Conclusion In this study, we show that plant growth has a major impact on both the diversity and the activity of methanol-utilising methylotrophs in the soil environment, and thus, the study contributes significantly to efforts to balance the terrestrial methanol and carbon cycle.

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