Genetic Diversity and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in a Campylobacter Population Isolated from Poultry Farms in Switzerland

ABSTRACT The diversity and genetic interrelation of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli isolated from Swiss poultry were assessed by three independent typing methods. Samples were derived prior to slaughter from 100 randomly selected flocks (five birds per flock) raised on three different farm types. The observed flock prevalence was 54% in total, with 50% for conventional and 69% for free-range farms. Birds held on farms with a confined roaming area had the lowest prevalence of 37%. Campylobacter isolates were characterized by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), restriction fragment length polymorphism of flaA PCR fragments (flaA-RFLP), and disk diffusion testing for eight antimicrobial agents that are commonly used in veterinary or human medicine in Switzerland. Analysis of the genotypic results indicates that the Campylobacter population in Swiss poultry is genetically highly diverse. Nevertheless, occasionally, isolates with identical or nearly identical characteristics were isolated from different farms or farm types in different locations. Genetic typing by AFLP and flaA-RFLP was found to be complementary. The majority of isolates (67%) were susceptible to all tested antibiotics; however, single, double, and triple resistances were observed in 7%, 23%, and 2% of the strains, respectively. There was no correlation between genotype and antibiotic resistance. Surprisingly, sulfonamide resistance was frequently found together with streptomycin resistance. Our findings illustrate the results of common genetic exchange in the studied bacterial population.

Download Full-text

High-Resolution Genotyping of Streptococcus pyogenesSerotype M1 Isolates by Fluorescent Amplified-Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.37.6.1948-1952.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 37 (6) ◽

pp. 1948-1952 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Meeta Desai ◽

Androulla Efstratiou ◽

Robert George ◽

John Stanley

Keyword(s):

Length Polymorphism ◽

Fragment Length ◽

Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽

Geographic Origin ◽

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽

Discriminatory Power ◽

Polymorphism Analysis ◽

Worldwide Distribution ◽

High Discriminatory Power ◽

Typing Methods

We have used fluorescent amplified-fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP) analysis to subtype clinical isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes serotype M1. Established typing methods define most M1 isolates as members of a clone that has a worldwide distribution and that is strongly associated with invasive diseases. FAFLP analysis simultaneously sampled 90 to 120 loci throughout the M1 genome. Its discriminatory power, precision, and reproducibility were compared with those of other molecular typing methods. Irrespective of disease symptomatology or geographic origin, the majority of the clinical M1 isolates shared a single ribotype, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis macrorestriction profile, and emm1 gene sequence. Nonetheless, among these isolates, FAFLP analysis could differentiate 17 distinct profiles, including seven multi-isolate groups. The FAFLP profiles of M1 isolates reproducibly exhibited between 1 and more than 20 amplified fragment differences. The high discriminatory power of genotyping by FAFLP analysis revealed genetic microheterogeneity and differentiated otherwise “identical” M1 isolates as members of a clone complex.

Download Full-text

Typing methods for Proteus rettgeri: comparison of biotype, antibiograms, serotype, and bacteriocin production

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.8.6.715-724.1978 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 715-724

Author(s):

R L Anderson ◽

F B Engley

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Strong Correlation ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Bacteriocin Production ◽

Sensitive Indicator ◽

Multiple Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Biochemical Reactions ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Typing Methods

Two hunderd five strains of Proteus rettgeri from epidemic and nonepidemic sources were differentiated by a new biotyping scheme, agglutination in O antisera, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and a new scheme based on bacteriocin production. The P. rettgeri were divided into 10 groups by their fermentation of lactose, sucrose, D-mannitol, and salicin. These groups were then subdivided into 19 biotypes by other biochemical reactions. Bacteriocin production was tested by the cross-streak method. Thirty-four bacteriocin-sensitive indicator strains were evaluated, and 16 were selected for the final scheme and used to type the 205 P. rettgeri, which were divided into 15 bacteriocin types. Serologically, 43% of the P. rettgeri were O42, 13% were untypable, 4% were O15, and 3% each were O33, O64, and O84 in addition to 31 remaining serotypes. Strains of P. rettgeri from known outbreaks contained fewer biotypes, O groups, and bacteriocin types and were more resistant to antimicrobial agents than endemic strains. Strains with common patterns with all four marker systems were frequently associated with outbreaks. A strong correlation between multiple antibiotic resistance and bacteriocin production was shown.

Download Full-text

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns and Virulence Determinants of Different SCCmec and Pulsotypes of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from a Major Hospital in Ilam, Iran

The Open Microbiology Journal ◽

10.2174/1874285801711010211 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 211-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mehdi Abbasi ◽

Majid BaseriSalehi ◽

Nima Bahador ◽

Morovat Taherikalani

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Public Hospital ◽

Genetic Relatedness ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Virulence Determinants ◽

Different Types ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Typing Methods ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

Aims & Objectives:The aim of this studyisto evaluate genetic relatedness, antibiotic resistance pattern, and virulence characteristics of different types ofS. aureusisolated from air, surfaces, staff, and patients in a Public hospital in Ilam.Methods & Materials:A total of 88 of 140 staphylococci identified asS. aureusby conventional and molecular methods were used in this study. Isolate samples were obtained from surfaces, staff, patients, and hospital indoor air. The sampling from staff and surfaces was done through using swab and air by standard pump. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and presence different resistant and virulence determinants was assessed. Isolates were then typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and SCCmectyping methods.Results:Out of 88isolates, 36 of them (40.9%) were MRSA. Among MRSA isolates, the range of resistance to antibiotic was 0% in vancomycin to 83.3% in gentamycin. The most prevalent resistant genes among gentamicin resistantS. aureuswereacc (6')/aph (2”)Iaandaph(3”)IIIa. The most common erythromycin resistant gene wasermC. Surprisingly, SCCmectypes I (30.5%), II (25%)were highly distributed. PFGE analysis showed 33 different pulsotypes.Conclusion:This study confirms that different isolates of MSSA and MRSA circulate in Ilam which differ in antimicrobial susceptibility, content of resistance, and virulence determinants.

Download Full-text

High-Resolution Genotyping ofCampylobacter Strains Isolated from Poultry and Humans with Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprinting

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.65.6.2369-2375.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 65 (6) ◽

pp. 2369-2375 ◽

Cited By ~ 113

Author(s):

Birgitta Duim ◽

Trudy M. Wassenaar ◽

Alan Rigter ◽

Jaap Wagenaar

Keyword(s):

Length Polymorphism ◽

Fragment Length ◽

Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽

Pcr Primers ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Aflp Analysis ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

Chromosomal Dna ◽

Typing Methods

ABSTRACT For epidemiological studies of Campylobacterinfections, molecular typing methods that can differentiate campylobacters at the strain level are needed. In this study we used a recently developed genotyping method, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), which is based on selective amplification of restriction fragments of chromosomal DNA, for genetic typing ofCampylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter colistrains derived from humans and poultry. We developed an automated AFLP fingerprinting method in which restriction endonucleasesHindIII and HhaI were used in combination with one set of selective PCR primers. This method resulted in evenly distributed band patterns for amplified fragments ranging from 50 to 500 bp long. The discriminatory power of AFLP was assessed with aC. jejuni strain, an isogenic flagellin mutant, and distinct C. jejuni strains having known pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and fla PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism genotypes. Unrelated C. jejuni strains produced heterogeneous patterns, whereas genetically related strains produced similar AFLP patterns. Twenty-five Campylobacterstrains obtained from poultry farms in The Netherlands grouped in threeC. jejuni clusters that were separate from a C. coli cluster. The band patterns of 10 C. jejunistrains isolated from humans were heterogeneous, and most of these strains grouped with poultry strains. Our results show that AFLP analysis can distinguish genetically unrelated strains from genetically related strains of Campylobacter species. However, desirable genetically related strains can be differentiated by using other genotyping methods. We concluded that automated AFLP analysis is an attractive tool which can be used as a primary method for subtyping large numbers of Campylobacter strains and is extremely useful for epidemiological investigations.

Download Full-text

Genotypes of Esbl Producing Escherichia Coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae in Relation to Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs

PRILOZI ◽

10.2478/prilozi-2014-0004 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 31-38

Author(s):

Ana Kaftandzieva ◽

Elena Trajkovska-Dokic ◽

Vesna Kotevska ◽

Zaklina Cekovska ◽

Gordana Jankoska

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Single Gene ◽

Tracheal Aspirate ◽

Beta Lactams ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

E Coli ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of drug resistance with β-lactamase gene types in ESBL positive E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae-Kp. Material and methods: A total of 251 ESBL-positive E. coli and Kp isolates obtained from urine, tracheal aspirate, wound swab and blood from patients hospitalised at the University Clinics in Skopje were detected using the ESBL set and automated Vitek 2 system. Vitek was also used for susceptibility testing (determination of MIC of 17 antimicrobial agents). Multiplex PCR was used to identify genes for different types of ESBLs in a 100 randomly selected, ESBL positive strains. Results: More of the 87 ESBL typeable isolates (61%) harbour two or more bla genes and the frequency of antibiotic resistance was high in these isolates, compared to those with a single gene. Isolates with ≥ 3 genes were highly resistant to beta-lactams and non-beta lactams used. The degree of resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins was also high in these isolates (MIC ≥ 64). More of the ESBL-positive isolates showed higher resistance to cefotaxime than to ceftazidime. Conclusion: Identification of the genes is necessary for the surveillance of their transmission in hospitals. Surveillance of antibiotic resistance patterns are crucial to overcome the problems associated with ESBLs.

Download Full-text

Emerging antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium in Norway

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s095026880000488x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 125 (3) ◽

pp. 473-480 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

T. M. LEEGAARD ◽

D. A. CAUGANT ◽

L. O. FRØHOLM ◽

E. A. HØIBY ◽

J. LASSEN

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Length Polymorphism ◽

Fragment Length ◽

Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽

Resistant Isolate ◽

Polymorphism Analysis ◽

Ciprofloxacin Resistance

The antimicrobial resistance of 809 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates collected from humans in Norway between 1975 and 1998 was studied. The material was subdivided into domestic and foreign isolates according to whether the patient had recently travelled abroad or not. In imported isolates the largest increase in resistance was in 1996 when 35% of the isolates were multi-resistant. The first multi-resistant isolate acquired in Norway appeared in 1994, but already in 1998 23% of the isolates domestically acquired were multi-resistant, and a majority were S. Typhimurium DT104. We found no ciprofloxacin resistance in domestically acquired isolates. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis was performed on selected multi-resistant isolates. The method discriminated well between different multi-resistant isolates, but not between DT104 isolates. Resistant and multi-resistant S. Typhimurium were until 1998 essentially recovered from patients who had travelled abroad, but multi-resistant isolates, mainly DT104, are now also being transmitted within the country.

Download Full-text

Mycobacterium arupensepulmonary infection: Antibiotic resistance and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.4103/0255-0857.62502 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 173 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

IK Neonakis ◽

Z Gitti ◽

F Kontos ◽

S Baritaki ◽

E Petinaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽

Restriction Fragment ◽

Length Polymorphism ◽

Fragment Length ◽

Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽

Polymorphism Analysis ◽

Restriction Fragment Length

Download Full-text

The Association of the Phylogenetic Typing of the Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates with Antibiotic Resistance

Emergency Medicine International ◽

10.1155/2021/1316992 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Shabnam Baghbanijavid ◽

Hossein Samadi Kafil ◽

Safar Farajniya ◽

Seyed Reza Moaddab ◽

Hasan Hosainzadegan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽

Phylogenetic Groups ◽

Pcr Rflp ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Pcr Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns ◽

The Relationship

Klebsiella pneumoniae complex (KPC) accounts for approximately one-third of all Gram-negative infections. Moreover, it is highly resistant and can taxonomically be distributed into KpI, KpII, and KpIII phylogroups. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of phylogenetic groups and the relationship between them and antibiotic resistance patterns. For this purpose, we collected KPC isolates from Tabriz, Iran, between 2018 and 2020. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion agar, and phylogenetic groups were then examined using gyrA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and parC PCR methods. A total of 100 KPC isolates were obtained from the clinical specimens (urine, respiratory secretion, blood, wounds, and trachea). The enrolled patients included 47 men and 53 women aged from 1 to 91 years old. The highest sensitivity was found related to fosfomycin as 85%, followed by amikacin as 66%. The three phylogenetically groups by the RFLP-PCR method were found in KPC, 96% (96 isolates) as KpI, 3% (3 isolates) as KpII, and 1% (1isolate) as KpIII. The highest antibiotic resistance was observed in KpI. It was shown that a valid identification of three phylogenetic groups of KPC can be done by combining both gyrA PCR-RFLP and parC PCR. Of note, the KpI group was also observed as the dominant phylogenetic group with the highest resistance to antibiotics.

Download Full-text

Current Antibiotic Resistance Trends of Uropathogens in Central Europe: Survey from a Tertiary Hospital Urology Department 2011–2019

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9090630 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 630 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jan Hrbacek ◽

Pavel Cermak ◽

Roman Zachoval

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Central Europe ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Pathogen Resistance ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Tertiary Referral Centre ◽

Enterococcus Spp ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

Monitoring of pathogen resistance profiles is necessary to guide empirical antibiotic therapy before culture and sensitivity results become available. The aim of this study was to describe current antibiotic resistance patterns of five most frequent causative uropathogens in a Department of Urology of a tertiary referral centre in Central Europe over a period of nine years. The Hospital Department of Clinical Microbiology database was used to extract data on all positive urine samples from inpatients in the Department of Urology between 2011 and 2019. Numbers of susceptible and resistant isolates per year were calculated for five most frequent uropathogens: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus spp. Antimicrobial agents selected for the survey included: ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin/tazobactam; cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefepime; ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin; gentamicin and amikacin; ertapenem, meropenem and imipenem; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole), nitrofurantoin, colistin, and vancomycin. High resistance rates of Gram-negative uropathogens were demonstrated to most common antimicrobials, with statistically significant increasing or decreasing trends in some cases. No carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were isolated. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. strains were rare in our population.

Download Full-text