scholarly journals Current methods of laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections.

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
C M Black
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Dna Amplification ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Diagnostic Technologies

Infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis are probably the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the United States. Commonly unrecognized and often inadequately treated, chlamydial infections can ascend the reproductive tract and cause pelvic inflammatory disease, which often results in the devastating consequences of infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or chronic pelvic pain. C. trachomatis infections are also known to increase the risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection. The obligate intracellular life cycle of C. trachomatis has traditionally required laboratory diagnostic tests that are technically demanding, labor-intensive, expensive, and difficult to access. In spite of these historical challenges, however, laboratory diagnosis of C. trachomatis has been a rapidly advancing area in which there is presently a wide array of commercial diagnostic technologies, costs, manufacturers. This review describes and compares the diagnostic methods for C. trachomatis infection that are currently approved for use in the United States, including the newest DNA amplification technologies which are yet to be licensed for commercial use. Issues to consider in selecting a test for purposes of screening versus diagnosis based on prevalence, performance, legal, social, and cost issues are also discussed.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Pre-exposure Prophylaxis and Increased Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 1884-1890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose A Serpa ◽  
Gabriel N Huynh ◽  
Julie B Nickell ◽  
Hongyu Miao
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Abstract Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) decreases HIV transmission. Some studies have raised concerns about a potential association between the implementation of HIV PrEP and the growing incidence rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States. Methods We conducted a quasi-experimental (interrupted time series) analysis of STI (syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia) rates before (2000–2012) and after (2013–2017) the implementation of HIV PrEP. We also performed correlations between HIV PrEP utilization and STI cases at the national (2012–2017) and state (2017) levels. We defined HIV PrEP utilization as the number of people taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine for HIV prevention. Results HIV PrEP implementation was associated with 25% (relative risk [RR] 1.254, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.245–1.263; P < .001) and 26% (RR 1.260, 95% CI 1.257–1.264; P < .001) increases in syphilis and gonorrhea rates, respectively, and a 12% reduction in chlamydia rates (RR: 0.884, 95% CI 0.883–0.885; P < .001). HIV PrEP utilization was correlated with the numbers of syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia cases (spearman coefficients 1.00, 0.94, and 0.94, respectively; P < .001, P < .01, and P < .01, respectively). At the state level, HIV PrEP was also correlated with the number of cases of syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia (spearman coefficients 0.85, 0.81, and 0.85, respectively; Ps < .001 for all correlations). Conclusions The implementation and utilization of HIV PrEP in the United States were associated with increased rates of STIs. Further studies to confirm these associations and to elucidate potential causes are needed.

Reducing Reoccurence and Complications of Gc/Ct

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
United States ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Test ◽  
California Department ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Initial Episode

Gonococcal Neisseria (GC) and Chlamydia Trachomatis (CT) infections account for the largest number of reported cases of any infectious disease in the United States. The rates at which these infections occur are on the rise. Gonococcal Neisseria (GC) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections are also among the commonly curable sexually transmitted infections (STI)(California Department of Public Health, 2011). Though subsequent infections are preventable, reinfection rates are high [1]. As many as 20% of patients, especially females, reacquire GC or CT within six months after the initial positive test and treatment, and it is estimated that as many as 40% of adolescents get re-infeceted after an initial episode of GC and/or CT annually [2]. Chlamydia represents the most common reportable disease in the United States, and has comprised the largest proportion of all sexually transmitted infections (STIs) reported [3].

scholarly journals Molecular Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis in the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
April L. Harkins ◽  
Erik Munson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nucleic Acid Hybridization ◽  
Molecular Testing ◽  
Analytical Sensitivity ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Strand Displacement Amplification ◽  
Sexually Transmitted

Chlamydia, with its Chlamydia trachomatis etiology, is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the United States and is often transmitted via asymptomatic individuals. This review summarizes traditional and molecular-based diagnostic modalities specific to C. trachomatis. Several commercially available, FDA-approved molecular methods to diagnose urogenital C. trachomatis infection include nucleic acid hybridization, signal amplification, polymerase chain reaction, strand displacement amplification, and transcription-mediated amplification. Molecular-based methods are rapid and reliable genital specimen screening measures, especially when applied to areas of high disease prevalence. However, clinical and analytical sensitivity for some commercial systems decreases dramatically when testing urine samples. In vitro experiments and clinical data suggest that transcription-mediated amplification has greater analytical sensitivity than the other molecular-based methods currently available. This difference may be further exhibited in testing of extragenital specimens from at-risk patient demographics. The development of future molecular testing could address conundrums associated with confirmatory testing, medicolegal testing, and test of cure.

Laboratory Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Facilities Within the United States

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
CONSUELO M. BECK-SAGUE ◽  
JEROME R. CORDTS ◽  
KIMBERLY BROWN ◽  
SANDRA A. LARSEN ◽  
CAROLYN M. BLACK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexually Transmitted
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