Immunoserology of infectious diseases.

The immune response to microorganisms not only participates in the elimination of unwanted organisms from the body, but also assists in diagnosis of infectious diseases. The nonspecific immune response is the first line of defense, assisting the body until the specific immune response can be mobilized to provide protective mechanisms. The specific immune response involves humoral or cell-mediated immunity or both, dependent on the nature of the organism and its site of sequestration. A variety of test systems have been developed to identify the causative organisms of infectious diseases. Test systems used in immunoserology have classically included methods of detecting antigen-antibody reactions which range from complement fixation to immunoassay methods. Relevant test systems for detecting antigens and antibodies are described. With numerous test systems available to detect antigens and antibodies, there can be confusion regarding selection of the appropriate system for each application. Methods for detecting antibody to verify immunity differ from immunologic methods to diagnose disease. Techniques to detect soluble antigens present in active infectious states may appear similar to those used to detect antibody, but their differences should be appreciated.

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The Basics of Infectious Diseases

10.33442/vt202104 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Heinz-Josef Schmitt

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Asymptomatic Infection ◽

Host Tissue ◽

The Body ◽

Symptomatic Disease ◽

Immune Mediated ◽

Long Time ◽

Micro Organisms ◽

Underlying Diseases

Infectious Diseases result from exposure and contact between a host (human being) and an (uninvited) guest (micro-organism). Given the fact that billions of micro-organisms are in and around us at any time, overall, infectious diseases are comparatively rare; of the millions of different microbial species, only about 300 are known to cause human diseases. Besides exposure and contact, factors on the side of the host (genetic background, environment, underlying diseases and their therapy) and on the side of the micro-organisms (pathogenicity / virulence factors) are necessary to result in an infectious disease. “Colonization” means that a micro-organism can attach on skin or mucous membrane for some time or even indefinitely but does not invade host tissue and does not cause any symptoms. Colonizers may even induce an immune response. “Infection” is defined as a micro-organism invading through skin or mucous membranes the tissue of a host, leading to no disease (“asymptomatic infection”); or symptomatic disease. It is followed by health, disability, or death. Following the infection, microorganisms may persist in the body for a long time or even for life without causing any symptoms, which is called “latent infection”. Infectious diseases may not only be due to pathogenicity factors of a micro-organism, but may also result from (i.) direct destruction of host tissues (e.g., from viral replication); (ii.) the acute host (immune-) response; and from late immune responses resulting in immune-mediated “post-infectious diseases”. Some infections may cause an immune response that is directed against host-tissue, resulting in an “autoimmune-disease”. Given the increasing number of microbes, the increasing number of exposures, and the increasing number and fraction of susceptible/predisposed humans, it is obvious that infectious diseases will increase in the future. Vaccines and vaccination may help solve this problem.

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Is it possible to enhance immune response after vaccination? The role of a probiotic with a proven positive effect on all components of the immune system

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2021-11-89-98 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 89-98

Author(s):

E. V. Kanner ◽

M. L. Maksimov ◽

I. D. Kanner ◽

N. M. Lapkin ◽

A. V. Gorelov

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Human Life ◽

Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽

Probiotic Strain ◽

Route Of Administration ◽

The Body ◽

Cell Mediated Immunity ◽

Vaccine Adjuvants ◽

Probiotic Strains

Preventive vaccination is currently the most affordable and economical way to reduce morbidity and mortality from many infections, improve quality and human life expectancy with an almost ideal balance of benefits and risks among all medical procedures. The article deals with the reasons for variability of the immune response caused by vaccines, between individuals and between populations, which is of fundamental importance for human health. The authors have presented data indicating a key role of the gut microbiota in the control of the immune response to vaccination. Particular attention is paid to the microbial diversity in different loci of the body. The role of microorganisms in the proper functioning of the body and the formation of a number of pathological conditions is described. Most modern vaccines are live-attenuated, killed / inactivated or subunit (recombinant) vaccines, and they are designed for the parenteral route of administration. Most of these vaccines elicit a weak immune response, especially in the mucous membranes, due to the route of administration and are associated with weak cell-mediated immunity. Therefore, mechanisms that can enhance virus-specific vaccine immunity in infants and children are required, such as the use of more potent or selective immunity-enhancing adjuvants. Some probiotic strains may be considered as promising vaccine adjuvants. This article evaluates the recent clinical studies of probiotics used to enhance vaccine-specific immunity in adults and infants. The present-day knowledge on the role of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG with the aim of activating immunity after vaccination are presented.

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The potential of nanoparticles for the immunization against viral infections

Journal of Materials Chemistry B ◽

10.1039/c5tb00618j ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (24) ◽

pp. 4767-4779 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Viktoriya Sokolova ◽

Astrid Maria Westendorf ◽

Jan Buer ◽

Klaus Überla ◽

Matthias Epple

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Specific Immune Response ◽

And Control

Vaccination has a great impact on the prevention and control of infectious diseases. Nanoparticles can deliver immunoactive biomolecules to induce a virus-specific immune response.

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Local and distant recurrences in rectal cancer patients are predicted by the nonspecific immune response; specific immune response has only a systemic effect - a histopathological and immunohistochemical study

BMC Cancer ◽

10.1186/1471-2407-1-7 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

Iris D Nagtegaal ◽

Corrie AM Marijnen ◽

Elma Klein Kranenbarg ◽

Adri Mulder-Stapel ◽

Jo Hermans ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rectal Cancer ◽

Immune Response ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Immunohistochemical Study ◽

Systemic Effect ◽

Specific Immune Response ◽

Nonspecific Immune Response

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e-Antigen: a link between immune response and infectivity in hepatitis B?

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400025298 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 81 (3) ◽

pp. 405-414 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. C. Turner ◽

Helen T. Green ◽

Vivian D. Blundell

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽

Active Immunization ◽

Cell Mediated Immunity ◽

Hbsag Carriers ◽

B Virus ◽

Sources Of Infection ◽

Dane Particles ◽

Antigen Antibody

SummaryIn a study of the distribution of e-antigen and anti-e in subjects whose blood was positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), patients with acute hepatitis B who were tested during the incubation period were all e-antigen-positive but after the onset of illness e-antigen was detected in only 11%. Persistence, and in some instances reappearance of e-antigen in those who became long-term carriers of HBsAg was associated with high titres of HBsAg. There was a high incidence of e-antigen in those conditions in which cell-mediated immunity may be depressed, including Down's syndrome and chronic renal failure.The majority of HBsAg carriers identified as sources of infection were e-antigen-positive. A positive reaction for e-antigen is evidently associated with a defective immune response to hepatitis B virus infection which permits continued replication of virus in liver cells accompanied by high titres of HBsAg, numerous Dane particles and detectable DNA polymerase in the blood with consequently a greater likelihood of transmitting infection.Although it cannot be assumed that anti-e positive carriers of HBsAg are not infective, it may be necessary, in the assessment of passive or active immunization for the control of hepatitis B, to take into account the e-antigen/antibody status of possible sources of infection.

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REGULATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.129.6.1183 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 129 (6) ◽

pp. 1183-1201 ◽

Cited By ~ 125

Author(s):

Nicholas R. StC. Sinclair

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Antibody Fragments ◽

The Body ◽

Antigenic Determinants ◽

Low Doses ◽

The Difference ◽

Antigen Antibody

The ability of 7S and F(ab')2 antibody fragments to suppress priming with low doses of antigen was compared. The 7S preparation was approximately 100–1000 times more potent than the F(ab')2 preparation when the agglutinin titers of the two preparations were the same. The presence of any ability to suppress priming in the F(ab')2 preparation may reflect an inherent capacity of the F(ab')2 antibody or contamination with small amounts of 7S antibody. The difference between 7S and F(ab')2 antibody in ability to suppress priming is attributed to the lack of the Fc portion on the F(ab')2 antibody. The Fc portion may be needed to prevent rapid excretion of antibody from the body, to induce rapid phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes with consequent breakdown and elimination of antigen, or to inactivate or suppress the antigen-sensitive cells from reacting to antigenic determinants. More detailed studies will permit a better assessment of the importance of these three possible regulatory roles of the Fc portion of the immunoglobulin in the immune response.

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Nutritional Recommendation for COVID-19

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3078 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽

pp. 753-757

Author(s):

Anagha Gulhane ◽

Shamli Hiware

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Global Health ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Immune Function ◽

The Body ◽

Health Issue ◽

System Quality ◽

Life Phase ◽

Global Health Issue ◽

Nutritional Recommendation

It is the most unreliable truth that anybody can get infected by the COVID-19, and nobody can escape from the danger of getting tainted by the virus. Yet, the line of hope is that anyone and everyone can boost their resistance, thus avoid the risk of getting affected by the illness. The immunity of humans pulls down as they grow older. If their immune system is robust, them falling sick is feeble. If their resistance is weak, them getting ill is sound. Several factors affect the immune system and its ability, including its nourishment. A two-way connection between nutrition, infection and immunity presents. Changes in one part will affect the others part in our body that's the nature's rule. Well defined immune system quality which is present between each life phase may influence the type, generality and the degree of infections. At the same time, low nutrition to the body will decrease the immune function and expose the body to the danger of getting infected by infectious diseases. Different quantity of micronutrients is required for increasing the immunity power of our body. Generally the vitamins A,C,D,E,B2,B6,B12, iron, zinc and selenium.The deficiencies of micronutrients are acknowledged as a global health issue, and also low nutrition makes it prone to establishes the infections in the body.

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